Sultan Mahmud Shah Tughlaq was the last <div>

king of Delhi Sultanate. This rule was know for instability and internal conflicts within the empire. Regional rebellions, the rise of local governors asserting their autonomy, and external threats from neighboring kingdoms. The empire began to decline, losing control over many territories, and its central authority weakened and finally led to the end of this empire.

<div>About the second question, Battle of Panipat was fought on January 14, 1761, was a major confrontation between the Maratha Empire and the Durrani Empire led by Ahmad Shah Durrani, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali. The Marathas, seeking to expand their influence, confronted the Afghan forces. Despite having a larger army, the Marathas suffered a crushing defeat due to a combination of factors such as strategic errors, lack of coordination, and the effective tactics of the Durrani forces. The battle resulted in heavy casualties and had a significant impact on the Maratha Empire’s decline and the consolidation of Afghan power in the region.</div></div>