Photosynthesis is the process by which p[lants make their own food (which is some sugars like glucose) using water brought in by roots, carbon dioxide from the air which is taken in through the stomata which are microscopic holes on the underside of a leaf and sunlight, which is harnessed by a pigment in the leaves called chlorophyll which is responsible for the green colour.

Step 1: Sunlight is the primary source of energy for photosynthesis. When sunlight reaches the leaves of a plant, it is absorbed by special structures called chloroplasts, which contain a pigment called chlorophyll.

Step 2: Chlorophyll, the green pigment found in chloroplasts, plays a crucial role in capturing sunlight. It absorbs light energy from the sun, primarily in the red and blue regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Step 3: As the chlorophyll captures light energy, it triggers a series of chemical reactions within the chloroplasts. These reactions are facilitated by enzymes and other molecules.

Step 4: Carbon dioxide, a gas present in the air, enters the plant through tiny openings on the leaf surface called stomata. The carbon dioxide molecules diffuse into the cells containing chloroplasts.

Step 5: At the same time, plants absorb water from the soil through their roots. Water is then transported through the plant’s vascular system to the leaves, where it reaches the cells containing chloroplasts.

Step 6: Within the chloroplasts, the energy from sunlight, together with carbon dioxide and water, powers a set of reactions known as the Calvin cycle or dark reactions. These reactions occur in the stroma, a gel-like substance within the chloroplasts.

Step 7: During the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide molecules are converted into sugars, such as glucose. This process requires energy from sunlight and the assistance of enzymes and other molecules. The resulting sugars serve as the plant’s food source.

Step 8: Alongside sugar production, oxygen gas is released into the air as a byproduct of photosynthesis. This oxygen is crucial for supporting the respiration of other organisms, including humans and animals.

In summary, photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions where sugars are produced, providing energy for the plant’s growth and development. Additionally, oxygen is released into the atmosphere, ensuring the survival of various organisms.