The Mughal Empire’s main enemies during its rule in India from the early 16th to the mid-19th centuries included:

1. The Safavid Empire of Persia (modern-day Iran):

   • The Mughals and Safavids were rivals for control and influence in Central Asia.
   • There were several military conflicts between the two empires, particularly during the reigns of Mughal emperors Humayun and Akbar.

2. The Rajput kingdoms of India:

   • The Rajput rulers of various princely states in northern and central India often resisted Mughal expansion and authority.
   • However, many Rajput rulers also formed alliances with the Mughals, including through marriage ties.

3. The Lodi dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate:

   • The last rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, the Lodi dynasty, were overthrown by the first Mughal emperor, Babur, in 1526.

4. The Afghan Pashtun tribes:

   • The Pashtun tribes in the northwest region of the Indian subcontinent posed ongoing challenges to Mughal control and authority.
   • Rebellions and conflicts with Pashtun tribes were common throughout the Mughal era.

5. The rising powers of the Deccan sultanates:

   • As the Mughal Empire expanded southward, it came into conflict with the sultanates of the Deccan region, such as Bijapur and Golconda.

So in summary, the Mughals faced threats from rival empires, regional powers, and tribal groups as they sought to expand and maintain their dominance over the Indian subcontinent.