The Mughal Empire faced several significant enemies throughout its history. Here are the main ones:

1. Rajputs: The Rajput kingdoms in northern India frequently resisted Mughal expansion. Their fierce loyalty to their clans made them formidable opponents.

2. Marathas: Emerging in the late 17th century, the Marathas became a powerful force, challenging Mughal authority and expanding their territory across India.

3. Sikh Confederacy: The Sikhs, particularly during the 18th century, opposed Mughal rule, leading to significant conflicts, especially under leaders like Banda Singh Bahadur.

4. Afghans: Various Afghan leaders, such as Ahmad Shah Durrani, posed challenges to Mughal dominance, particularly during the decline of the empire in the 18th century.

5. Portuguese and British: European colonial powers, particularly the Portuguese and later the British, sought to expand their influence in India, often clashing with Mughal interests.

These enemies played crucial roles in shaping the political landscape of India during the Mughal Empire’s rise and decline.