Computer-generated sounds work through a combination of digital signal processing, synthesis techniques, and sound manipulation. Here’s how it generally works:

1. Sound Synthesis

Waveform Generation: Sounds are created by generating waveforms, such as sine, square, triangle, and sawtooth waves. Each waveform has a distinct sound quality.

Synthesis Methods:

Additive Synthesis: Combines multiple sine waves at different frequencies to create complex sounds.

Subtractive Synthesis: Starts with a rich sound and removes frequencies using filters to shape the final sound.

FM Synthesis: Uses frequency modulation to create a wide range of sounds by altering the frequency of one waveform with another.

2. Digital Sampling

Recording Sounds: Real-world sounds can be recorded and stored as digital samples. These samples can then be manipulated or played back.

Playback Techniques: Samples can be looped, pitched, or combined to create new sounds.

3. Audio Processing

Effects and Manipulation: Digital audio workstations (DAWs) and software can apply effects such as reverb, delay, and equalization to enhance or alter sounds.

MIDI Integration: Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) allows for the control of sound synthesis and sampling through digital signals, enabling musicians to compose and edit music.

4. Output Conversion

Digital to Analog Conversion: Once the sound is generated or processed, it is converted from a digital format to an analog signal using a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for playback through speakers or headphones.

5. Real-time Generation

Algorithmic Composition: Some systems generate sounds in real-time using algorithms, allowing for dynamic and interactive soundscapes, often used in video games and virtual environments.

Through these processes, computers can create a vast array of sounds, from musical notes to sound effects, enabling a wide range of applications in music production, gaming, movies, and more.