The loudness of a sound is influenced by several factors:

Amplitude: The greater the amplitude of a sound wave, the louder the sound. Amplitude refers to the height of the wave; larger amplitudes produce more intense vibrations.

Frequency: While frequency primarily affects pitch, certain frequencies can be perceived as louder to the human ear. The ear is more sensitive to frequencies between 1 kHz and 5 kHz.

Medium: The medium through which sound travels affects its loudness. Sound travels faster and more efficiently through solids and liquids than through gases, which can make sounds seem louder in those mediums.

Distance: The farther you are from a sound source, the quieter it becomes. Sound intensity decreases with distance due to the spreading of sound waves.

Environmental Factors: Surrounding materials (like walls or furniture) can absorb or reflect sound, affecting how loud it seems in a given space.

Source Characteristics: Different materials and structures produce different sound qualities. For example, a drum produces a loud sound due to its design, which amplifies vibrations, whereas a whisper is soft due to low amplitude.

These factors combine to determine how loud or soft a sound is perceived.