Sound waves travel through different materials by transferring energy from one molecule to the next. The process of sound wave propagation can vary depending on the medium through which it travels. Here’s how sound waves typically travel through different materials:

Through Air (Gas):

Compression and Rarefaction: In the air, sound waves are longitudinal waves where molecules compress (high pressure) and rarefy (low pressure) as the wave passes through.

Speed of Sound: The speed of sound in air is approximately 343 meters per second at room temperature.

Propagation: Air is a relatively sparse medium, so sound waves can travel through it, but they attenuate (weaken) quickly over distance due to air’s low density.

Through Water (Liquid):

Similarities with Air: Sound waves in water also travel through compression and rarefaction of molecules, similar to air.

Speed of Sound: The speed of sound in water is faster than in air, at around 1,500 meters per second.

Propagation: Water is denser than air, which allows sound waves to travel more efficiently and over longer distances with less attenuation.

Through Solids:

Mechanical Waves: In solids, sound waves are also longitudinal waves, but the particles vibrate back and forth parallel to the direction of wave propagation.

Speed of Sound: The speed of sound in solids varies depending on the material. For example, sound travels faster in metals than in wood.

Propagation: In solids, the proximity of molecules allows sound waves to propagate rapidly and with minimal energy loss.

Transmission at Boundaries:

When sound waves encounter a boundary between two different materials, some of the sound may be reflected, some may be transmitted through, and the material may absorb some.

The density and elasticity of the material affect how much sound is reflected or transmitted.

In summary, sound waves travel through different materials by transferring energy through the vibration of molecules. The speed and efficiency of sound wave propagation depend on the density, elasticity, and other physical properties of the material through which the waves are traveling.