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The making of National Movement 1870s – 1947
What were the methods adopted in the Non-cooperation movement?
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The making of the Indian National Movement, spanning from the 1870s to 1947, marked a significant chapter in India’s struggle for independence from British colonial rule. Here’s a summary of the key developments and events that shaped this transformative period:
Early Awakening: In the 1870s, India witnessed the emergence of early nationalist voices such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale. They highlighted the economic exploitation and political discrimination faced by Indians under British rule, laying the foundation for the nationalist movement.
Formation of Organizations: The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded in 1885, aiming to unite Indians across regions and communities for a common cause. Under the leadership of early presidents like A.O. Hume, the INC initially focused on moderate demands such as greater representation and administrative reforms.
Swadeshi and Boycott Movements: In response to the partition of Bengal in 1905, Indians launched the Swadeshi (Buy Indian) and Boycott movements. These movements promoted the use of Indian-made products and the boycott of British goods, leading to a surge in nationalist sentiment and mass participation.
Rise of Extremism: Dissatisfied with the moderate approach, leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal advocated for more assertive methods to challenge British authority. They called for “Swaraj” (self-rule) and propagated the idea of militant nationalism.
Non-Cooperation Movement: Mahatma Gandhi became the leader of the Indian National Movement, advocating non-violent resistance and civil disobedience. The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) saw widespread protests, boycotts of government institutions, and the return of honors conferred by the British.
Civil Disobedience Movement: The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934) was a major campaign led by Gandhi, marked by the famous Salt March to challenge the British monopoly on salt production. Indians across the country participated in acts of non-violent resistance, leading to mass arrests and repression.
Quit India Movement: In 1942, the Quit India Movement was launched, demanding an end to British rule. It witnessed a surge in popular support and widespread acts of civil disobedience. The movement faced severe repression from the British, resulting in mass arrests and violence.
Partition and Independence: The Indian National Movement culminated in the partition of India and the creation of independent India and Pakistan in 1947. The communal tensions and violence surrounding partition resulted in a massive displacement of people and tragic loss of lives.
The Indian National Movement was characterized by diverse strategies, from moderate demands to more radical approaches. It witnessed the emergence of powerful leaders, the mass mobilization of people, and a growing sense of national identity. The movement played a crucial role in awakening political consciousness, challenging British rule, and eventually leading to the independence of India.
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