Tracking Hurricanes: Methods and Technologies

Meteorologists track hurricanes using a combination of advanced technologies and methods to ensure accurate forecasting and timely warnings.

1. Satellite Observations:

Geostationary satellites, such as GOES-16, provide real-time imagery of hurricanes, capturing their development and movement. These satellites orbit at the same speed as Earth’s rotation, allowing continuous monitoring of storm systems. Polar-orbiting satellites, like Suomi NPP, offer detailed atmospheric profiles and global coverage, enhancing data on temperature, humidity, and pressure.

2. Radar Systems:

Doppler radar systems measure precipitation velocity within hurricanes, helping meteorologists assess wind speeds and storm structure. The Weather Surveillance Radar (WSR-88D) is a key tool in analyzing precipitation intensity and movement. Additionally, Hurricane Hunter aircraft, operated by NOAA and the U.S. Air Force, fly directly into hurricanes to collect in-situ data on wind speeds, pressure, and humidity.

3. Ocean Buoys and Sensors:

Buoys from networks like the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) measure sea surface temperatures, wave heights, and wind speeds. The Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) buoys provide crucial data on sea level changes. Argo floats collect temperature and salinity data from various ocean depths, aiding in understanding the ocean’s role in storm intensity.

4. Numerical Weather Prediction Models:

Computer models such as the Global Forecast System (GFS) and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) simulate atmospheric conditions and predict hurricane paths and intensity. Ensemble forecasting, which runs multiple simulations, helps assess uncertainties and provide a range of potential outcomes.

These integrated methods enable meteorologists to track hurricanes accurately, predict their paths, and provide critical information for disaster preparedness.