[Aiswarya C V]

Indus Valley civilisation is a bronze-age civilisation, parallel to the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilisation in the chronology, which confirms the existence of life in the Indian subcontinent. The area of civilisation is spread across the current geographical boundaries of India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Mohenjodaro is the biggest Indus Valley city found till the date though cities like Harappa, Lothal, Dholavira and Rakhigarhi were prominent at the time of its existence. Mohenjodaro is assumed as the capital of the civilisation due to the presence of structures like the great bath and the presence of valuable materials like faience and carnelian.

Though it existed from 3300 BC to 1300 BC it had some of the most fascinating technologies which we have ever seen. The most important is the fascinating city planning which we can see in Mohenjodaro with the well-managed drainage system which is found to be connected to the bathrooms of every house, more the house is made in such a fashion that a single drainage could connect every house. Similarly, the city was divided into Cital and the lower town. Citadel was situated at a higher altitude than the lower town but was smaller in size. It is assumed that the citadel was the town centre and the lower town the residential area. Another magnificent structure is the great bath. It is considered a place of ritual significance though its actual use is still unknown to us. The civilisation was also famous for its intricate craft works which have been retrieved from different parts of the excavation sites. Much of the mysteries could be solved once the graphic Indus script, which is written from left to right is deciphered. That will lead to untangling of several mysteries which have been invoking curiosity around the world.

To know more watch: https://youtu.be/bswB_kFqgo4

[Aiswarya C V]

Ibrahim Lodi was the last emperor of the Delhi Sultanate. There were five different dynasties which came under Delhi Sultanate. Those are

Mamluk dynasty(1206-1290)

Khalji dynasty(1290-1320)

Tughluq dynasty(1320-1413)

Sayyid dynasty(1414-1450)

Lodi dynasty(1451-1526)

Ibrahim Lodi belonged to the Lodi dynasty. He succeeded his father Sikandar Lodi to the throne but was not as skilled a ruler as his father. He faced multiple rebellions and it was one of the major causes of the first battle of Panipat which happened in 1526. Daulat Khan Lodi, the governor of Punjab under the Lodi dynasty send an invitation to Babur, a descendant of both Genghis Khan and Timur, who was already planning to conquer the Punjab since it was under Timur in the past. This initiated the end of the Lodi dynasty and the Delhi Sultanate. Once Babur set foot on Indian soil, he was not ready to go back. The Lodi army tried to send Babur away but in vain which eventually resulted in the burning of Lahor by Babur and his army. Even though he along with Daulat Khan succeeded in besieging Ibrahim Lodi, Babur understood that his chances of winning the war were very narrow. This made Babur use the ‘Ottoman device’ in the battle. This made Babur’s army look narrower than its actual size which led to the miscalculation in Ibrahim Lodi’s army. Babur made use of this opportunity and attacked Ibrahim Lodi with full force. Moreover, Babur had the advantage of having cannon which helped to destruct the army and also to scare the elephants in the Lodi army. At the end of the first battle of Panipat, Ibrahim Lodi was killed and Babur established his empire in India, which was a branch of the Timurid dynasty, called the Mughal Empire.

Please find a video on the same for detailed info: https://youtu.be/UNxy6KLU6bA