[Ishika]

The Industrial Revolution, taking place between the mid-18th to mid-19th century, resulted in major alterations in the production system, leading to a transformation in global economies and societies. It replaced manual labor and agricultural economies with machine-based manufacturing and industrialization. The Industrial Revolution brought about significant changes, and some of them are listed below.

One of the major changes during this time was the use of machines instead of people to do work. Steam engines, which were powered by coal, were created and used to run these machines. This made industries like textiles, mining, and transportation much more efficient and productive.

The factory system, a key aspect of the Industrial Revolution, involved workers leaving their homes to work in centralized factories where they operated machines and had specialized tasks. This concentration of production allowed for mass production on a larger scale. Additionally, the division of labor within factories, where workers focused on specific tasks, increased efficiency and productivity, leading to economic growth.

The Industrial Revolution caused many people to move from rural areas to cities due to the availability of employment opportunities. This resulted in the growth of cities, the creation of new social structures, and the development of infrastructure.

The Industrial Revolution caused a change to capitalist economic systems, where capital (financial and industrial) was necessary for investing in machinery, raw materials, and infrastructure. Entrepreneurs and capitalists were important in funding and managing industrial production.

The need for standardization and interchangeability arose during industrialization. This allowed for the mass production of goods, simplified repairs, and increased efficiency in industries like manufacturing and transportation.

The Industrial Revolution brought about higher productivity and output through the use of machines, division of labor, and technological advancements. This led to an increase in the production of goods and a better quality of life for many people.

• This reply was modified 1 year, 10 months ago by  Ishika.

[Ishika]

There exists evidence indicating that a majority of the Mature Harappan sites located in areas such as Cholistan had experienced abandonment by the year 1800 BCE. In parallel, regions like Gujarat, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh witnessed a surge in population as people migrated to establish new settlements during this period. Numerous scholars hold the belief that the downfall of the Harappan Civilization can be attributed to shifts in the environment.

Scholars have differing opinions on the cause of the climate change in the region, with some believing it was due to the drying up of the Saraswati River around 1900 BCE, while others argue that there was a significant flooding event during that time. Contrary to popular belief, the end of the Indus Civilization was not caused by an invasion, as its various elements were found in later societies. Instead, many researchers believe that changes in river patterns led to the dissolution of the large civilization into smaller communities, which became known as the late Harappan civilizations.