[Gautam]

1. Photosynthesis: Chemical change. Photosynthesis is a complex biochemical process in which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. It involves the synthesis of organic compounds, which is a chemical transformation.

2. Melting of wax: Physical change. Melting of wax involves the solid wax transitioning into a liquid state when exposed to heat. It is a physical change as the chemical composition of the wax remains the same, only its physical state changes.

3. Dissolving of salt in water: Physical change. Dissolving of salt in water is a physical change as it involves the salt crystals dispersing and becoming uniformly mixed with water. While the salt ions separate and disperse throughout the water, there is no change in the chemical composition of the salt or water molecules.

4. Digestion of food: Chemical change. Digestion is a series of chemical processes that break down complex food molecules into simpler substances that can be absorbed and utilized by the body. Enzymes and acids in the digestive system facilitate the chemical breakdown of food components, resulting in the release of nutrients.

5. Burning of coal: Chemical change. Burning of coal involves a chemical reaction known as combustion. It is a chemical change because coal combines with oxygen from the air to produce carbon dioxide, water vapor, and releases energy in the form of heat and light. The chemical composition of coal changes during this process.

It’s important to note that the classification of changes as physical or chemical may depend on the level of detail considered and the context in which they occur.

[Gautam]

Newton’s three laws of motion are fundamental principles that describe the relationship between the motion of objects and the forces acting upon them. These laws were formulated by Sir Isaac Newton in the late 17th century and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. The three laws are as follows:

1. Newton’s First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia):

   • “An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force.”
   • This law states that an object will maintain its state of motion (either at rest or in motion with a constant velocity) unless an external force acts upon it.
   • In other words, an object will resist changes in its motion, known as inertia.

2. Newton’s Second Law of Motion (Law of Acceleration):

   • “The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass.”
   • This law mathematically relates the acceleration of an object to the net force applied to it and its mass.
   • The formula for this law is: F = m * a, where F represents the net force applied, m represents the mass of the object, and a represents the acceleration produced.

3. Newton’s Third Law of Motion (Law of Action and Reaction):

   • “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
   • This law states that when one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object.
   • Forces always occur in pairs, and these forces act on different objects, not on the same object.

Overall, these laws provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the relationship between forces and motion. They form the basis for studying and analyzing the behavior of objects in motion, whether it is the motion of celestial bodies, vehicles, or everyday objects.

[Gautam]

To calculate the volume of a cylindrical tank, we need to use the formula:

Volume = π * (radius)^2 * height

Given that the diameter of the tank is 10 meters, we can find the radius by dividing the diameter by 2:

Radius = diameter / 2 = 10 m / 2 = 5 m

Now, we can calculate the volume using the formula:

Volume = π * (5 m)^2 * 15 m

Volume = 3.14 * (5 m)^2 * 15 m

Volume ≈ 3.14 * 25 m^2 * 15 m

Volume ≈ 3.14 * 375 m^3

Volume ≈ 1177.5 m^3

Therefore, the volume of the cylindrical tank is approximately 1177.5 cubic meters

[Gautam]

The famous leader who led the nonviolent movement for India’s independence from British rule was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi. Born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Gujarat, Gandhi became one of the most influential figures in India’s struggle for independence.

Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence, known as Satyagraha, guided his approach to leading the freedom movement. He believed in the power of truth, moral courage, and peaceful resistance as effective means to achieve social and political change. Gandhi emphasized the principles of ahimsa (nonviolence) and civil disobedience to challenge British colonial rule.

Gandhi’s leadership and activism began in South Africa, where he fought against racial discrimination and injustice faced by the Indian community. It was during this time that he developed his ideology of nonviolent resistance, which he later applied to India’s independence movement.

In India, Gandhi emerged as the leader of the Indian National Congress, a political party that played a central role in the struggle for independence. Through his leadership, he mobilized millions of Indians in various nonviolent protests, strikes, and acts of civil disobedience against British policies.

One of the most significant events led by Gandhi was the Salt March, also known as the Dandi March, in 1930. In this iconic act of defiance, Gandhi and his followers walked over 240 miles to the coastal town of Dandi to protest against the British salt monopoly. This symbolic act ignited a wave of civil disobedience across the country, drawing international attention to the Indian independence movement.

Gandhi’s commitment to nonviolence and his emphasis on communal harmony and religious tolerance resonated with people from all walks of life. His leadership united a diverse nation under a common goal of freedom and inspired individuals to stand up against injustice through peaceful means.

Despite facing numerous challenges and imprisonment, Gandhi’s perseverance and unwavering dedication to nonviolence earned him the respect and admiration of people worldwide. His leadership and moral authority played a pivotal role in India gaining independence on August 15, 1947.

Gandhi’s legacy extends beyond India’s independence. His teachings on nonviolence, equality, and social justice continue to inspire movements and leaders across the globe. His principles of peace and harmony remain relevant in today’s world, serving as a reminder of the power of nonviolent resistance in the pursuit of justice and freedom.