Mawar Tanjung
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Pollution is harmful to the environment for several reasons:
1. Impact on Ecosystems: Pollution can disrupt and damage ecosystems, which are delicate and interconnected systems of plants, animals, and their surrounding environment. Air, water, and soil pollution can harm or destroy habitats, leading to the loss of biodiversity and the extinction of species. This disruption can have far-reaching consequences for the functioning of ecosystems and the services they provide, such as clean air, water, and food production.
2. Air Pollution: The release of pollutants into the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter, contributes to air pollution. These pollutants can have detrimental effects on human health, causing respiratory problems, asthma, cardiovascular diseases, and even premature death. Air pollution also contributes to the formation of smog and acid rain, which further harm the environment.
3. Water Pollution: Pollution of water bodies, including rivers, lakes, oceans, and groundwater, poses a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Industrial waste, agricultural runoff, sewage, and chemicals from various sources can contaminate water, making it unsafe for drinking, swimming, and supporting aquatic life. Water pollution can lead to the disruption of aquatic ecosystems, the death of marine life, and the destruction of coral reefs and other sensitive habitats.
4. Soil Pollution: Pollution of soil occurs when harmful substances, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals, accumulate in the soil. Soil pollution can result from improper waste disposal, industrial activities, and the use of agrochemicals in agriculture. Contaminated soil can affect plant growth, reduce crop yields, and contaminate the food chain when toxic substances are absorbed by plants and consumed by animals or humans. It can also seep into groundwater, further exacerbating water pollution.
5. Climate Change: Pollution, particularly the emission of greenhouse gases (such as CO2) from burning fossil fuels, is a major contributor to climate change. The excessive release of these gases into the atmosphere traps heat from the sun, leading to a rise in global temperatures and altering weather patterns. Climate change has far-reaching environmental impacts, including the melting of glaciers, rising sea levels, more frequent and severe storms, droughts, and disruptions to ecosystems and biodiversity.
Overall, pollution poses a significant threat to the environment, ecosystems, human health, and the planet’s overall sustainability. It is crucial to reduce pollution through sustainable practices, the use of clean technologies, and the adoption of environmentally friendly policies to mitigate its harmful effects.
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The moon plays a significant role in the formation of tides on Earth through its gravitational pull. The gravitational force between the moon and the Earth creates a tidal bulge on the side of the Earth closest to the moon and another bulge on the opposite side, which is caused by the centrifugal force resulting from the Earth-moon system’s rotation.
The gravitational attraction of the moon pulls the water on the Earth’s surface toward it, causing a high tide on the side of the Earth facing the moon. At the same time, the centrifugal force produced by the Earth’s rotation creates a bulge on the opposite side, resulting in a second high tide. These areas with high tides are known as tidal bulges.
Conversely, between these two tidal bulges, there are areas with relatively lower water levels, which are known as low tides. These occur at approximately 90-degree angles to the high tides. As the Earth rotates on its axis, locations on its surface move through the tidal bulges, experiencing two high tides and two low tides in a tidal cycle, which typically lasts about 12 hours and 25 minutes.
It’s important to note that the sun also exerts a gravitational force on the Earth’s oceans, although it is about only half as strong as the moon’s gravitational force. When the sun, moon, and Earth align during a new moon or full moon, their combined gravitational effects result in higher high tides, known as spring tides. When the sun and moon are at right angles to each other during the first quarter or third quarter moon, their gravitational forces partially cancel each other out, leading to lower high tides, known as neap tides.
In summary, the moon’s gravitational pull causes tidal bulges on Earth’s surface, resulting in the rise and fall of ocean tides.
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The separation of India refers to the partition of British India into two separate nations, India and Pakistan, which occurred on August 15, 1947. The partition was accompanied by widespread violence, mass migrations, and loss of life and property.
The call for the separation of India originated from the demand for Indian independence from British colonial rule. The Indian National Congress, led by figures such as Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, had been at the forefront of the struggle for independence, advocating for a united India with equal rights for all its citizens. However, the Muslim League, under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, sought the creation of a separate nation for Muslims in the Indian subcontinent.
The British government, facing pressure to grant independence to India, proposed the idea of partition as a solution to the communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims. The plan, known as the Mountbatten Plan, was put forward by Lord Mountbatten, the last British Viceroy of India. The plan called for the creation of two separate dominions, India and Pakistan, with the princely states given the option to join either of the two or remain independent.
The partition was based on religious lines, with areas with a Muslim majority forming Pakistan and the remaining regions becoming India. The exact boundaries were decided by a boundary commission led by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, a British lawyer. The division was accompanied by mass migrations of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India and Muslims from India to Pakistan. The migrations were marred by violence, riots, and communal clashes, resulting in the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives and the displacement of millions of people.
On August 15, 1947, India and Pakistan gained their independence and became separate nations. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India, while Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the Governor-General of Pakistan. The partition led to significant challenges, including the division of assets, the reorganization of government institutions, and the resettlement of refugees.
The separation of India had long-lasting consequences. It resulted in ongoing tensions and conflicts between the two nations, particularly over the disputed region of Kashmir. The partition also led to communal violence and strained relations between Hindus and Muslims within each country. The scars of the partition continue to shape the political, social, and cultural landscapes of both India and Pakistan to this day.
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A common denominator is a shared multiple of the denominators of two or more fractions. In mathematics, fractions with different denominators cannot be directly added or subtracted. To perform operations like addition or subtraction with fractions, it is necessary to find a common denominator, which is a common multiple of the denominators of the fractions involved.
For example, let’s say you have the fractions 1/3 and 1/4. The denominators are 3 and 4, respectively. To find a common denominator, you need to find a number that is divisible by both 3 and 4. In this case, the number 12 is a common multiple of 3 and 4. Therefore, you can express both fractions with a denominator of 12: 4/12 and 3/12.
Once you have the fractions with a common denominator, you can perform operations like addition or subtraction. In this case, 4/12 + 3/12 equals 7/12.
Finding a common denominator allows for easier comparison and calculation of fractions by aligning their denominators, making them compatible for arithmetic operations.
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The arrangement of the alphabet from A to Z, known as the alphabetical order, is not attributed to any single person. The modern English alphabet, which consists of 26 letters, has evolved over time from earlier writing systems such as the Latin alphabet, which itself was derived from the Greek alphabet. The order of the letters in the English alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, which was developed by the ancient Romans.
The Latin alphabet, in turn, was influenced by earlier alphabets such as the Etruscan and Greek alphabets. The specific order of the letters in the Latin alphabet can be traced back to the ancient Roman Empire, but it is important to note that the arrangement of the alphabet has undergone minor changes and variations throughout history.
Therefore, while it is not possible to attribute the arrangement of the alphabet to a single individual, it is the result of a historical and cultural evolution of various writing systems.
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To convert a mixed number to an improper fraction, you follow these steps:
1. Multiply the whole number by the denominator of the fraction.
2. Add the result to the numerator.
3. Place the sum over the original denominator.
Here’s an example:
Let’s convert the mixed number 3 1/4 to an improper fraction.
1. Multiply the whole number (3) by the denominator (4): 3 * 4 = 12.
2. Add the result (12) to the numerator (1): 12 + 1 = 13.
3. Place the sum (13) over the original denominator (4): 13/4.
So, 3 1/4, as an improper fraction, is 13/4.
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The Maratha Empire, also known as the Maratha Confederacy, was a powerful Hindu empire that emerged in the 17th century in present-day western India. It was founded by the Maratha warrior, Shivaji Bhosle, in 1674 and reached its zenith under the leadership of his descendants, particularly during the reigns of Chhatrapati Shahu and Peshwa Bajirao I.
The Marathas were primarily based in the region of Maharashtra, but their influence extended across a vast territory in central and northern India, including modern-day Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Tamil Nadu, Odisha, and Rajasthan. At its peak, the Maratha Empire was the largest Hindu kingdom in India and one of the most powerful political entities of its time.
Under Shivaji’s rule, the Marathas successfully challenged the dominant Mughal Empire and established a sovereign Maratha state. Shivaji implemented innovative military tactics, such as guerrilla warfare and naval power, to resist Mughal expansion and secure strategic forts along the Western Ghats. He also introduced administrative reforms, promoted local self-government, and fostered a sense of Marathi identity and pride.
After Shivaji’s death, the Maratha Empire faced internal conflicts and power struggles. However, it experienced a resurgence during the reign of Chhatrapati Shahu, who was a puppet ruler under the influence of the Peshwas—powerful ministers of the Maratha Empire. The Peshwas became de facto rulers and expanded Maratha influence through military campaigns, diplomacy, and alliances.
The most renowned Peshwa was Bajirao I, who is often referred to as Bajirao the Great. He was a skilled military strategist and expanded the Maratha Empire through successful military campaigns in northern India. Bajirao’s exploits, particularly his victories against the Mughals and other regional powers, have been immortalized in literature and popular culture.
The Marathas also played a crucial role in the decline of the Mughal Empire. They emerged as a prominent power in the 18th century and challenged Mughal authority, leading to the fragmentation of the empire. The Marathas engaged in numerous conflicts with the Mughals, other regional powers, and European colonial forces, such as the British, Portuguese, and French.
However, by the late 18th century, the Maratha Empire began to weaken due to internal strife, the lack of central authority, and conflicts between different Maratha factions. The empire faced significant losses in the three Anglo-Maratha Wars fought against the British East India Company. These wars ultimately led to the British East India Company’s dominance over the Indian subcontinent.
The Maratha Empire formally came to an end with the defeat of the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1818. After the war, the British dismantled Maratha power and established their rule over much of India. Nevertheless, the Marathas left a lasting impact on Indian history, especially in terms of their military tactics, administrative reforms, and cultural heritage. They played a significant role in shaping the political landscape of India during the 17th and 18th centuries.
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The grammatically incorrect sentence is:
A. She don’t like to eat spinach.
The correct form would be:
A. She doesn’t like to eat spinach.
In the incorrect sentence, “don’t” is used as the contraction for “do not,” but it does not agree with the singular subject “she.” The correct form uses the contraction “doesn’t” to match the singular subject.
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To determine in which subject the student performed better, we can compare the percentage of marks obtained in each subject.
In math:
Percentage in math = (Marks obtained in math / Total marks in math) * 100
= (150 / 200) * 100
= 75%
In science:
Percentage in science = (Marks obtained in science / Total marks in science) * 100
= (120 / 180) * 100
= 66.67%
Comparing the percentages, we can see that the student performed better in math, where they scored 75%, compared to 66.67% in science.
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The Red Fort in Delhi was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. Construction of the fort began in 1638 and was completed in 1648. The Red Fort, also known as Lal Qila, served as the main residence of the Mughal emperors in Delhi until 1857. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site and continues to be an iconic landmark in the city of Delhi, India.
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Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are typically measured using a variety of techniques and instruments. The most common method involves collecting air samples from different locations around the world and analyzing them for carbon dioxide concentration. Here are a few commonly used techniques:
1. **Air Sampling**: Air samples are taken from various locations, including remote areas, urban centers, and monitoring stations. These samples are typically collected at different altitudes to capture a representative sample of the atmosphere. Air is collected in containers, such as flasks or canisters, which are then sealed to prevent contamination.
2. **Infrared Gas Analyzer (IRGA)**: IRGA instruments measure the concentration of carbon dioxide by analyzing the absorption of infrared light. In these instruments, a sample of air is passed through a chamber where it interacts with infrared radiation. The instrument measures the amount of infrared light absorbed by carbon dioxide molecules, allowing for the calculation of the carbon dioxide concentration.
3. **Gas Chromatography**: Gas chromatography is another technique used to measure carbon dioxide levels. In this method, air samples are injected into a gas chromatograph, which separates different gases based on their physical and chemical properties. The separated gases are then detected and quantified, providing the concentration of carbon dioxide.
4. **Open-Path and Closed-Path Spectrometers**: These instruments use the principle of spectroscopy to measure carbon dioxide levels. Open-path spectrometers measure the absorption of infrared light over a known distance between a light source and a detector. Closed-path spectrometers recirculate air through a closed sampling loop, allowing for continuous monitoring of carbon dioxide levels.
5. **Remote Sensing**: Remote sensing techniques, such as satellite-based measurements, can also provide estimates of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Satellites equipped with specialized sensors can detect and quantify the concentration of carbon dioxide based on the interaction between sunlight and the Earth’s atmosphere.
It’s important to note that these techniques may vary in terms of accuracy, precision, and the spatial and temporal coverage of measurements. However, a combination of different methods and instruments is often employed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of carbon dioxide levels and their distribution in the atmosphere.