[tanya bajaj]

Leaves are the principal lateral appendage of the vascular plant stem. They are usually born above the ground and help the plants to perform photosynthesis. The leaves, flowers, fruits, and stems together form the shoot system. Usually, leaves are flattened and have separated upper and lower surfaces which differ in color. The number of stomata in a leaf varies from leaf to leaf, and the amount and structure of epicuticular tissue are different in different leaves.

Leaves are generally green in color because of the presence of a green substance called chlorophyll in them. This substance is also essential at the time of the photosynthesis process that takes place in leaves. A leaf having light-colored or white patches on its edges is called variegated leaves.

Leaves have different sizes, shapes, and textures. Based on these features, they are further classified into many types. Based on the divisions of blades, leaves are divided into simple leaves and compound leaves. A simple leaf is one with an undivided blade while a compound leaf has a fully subdivided leaf. A simple leaf may be dismembered from its lobes, but the gaps between those lobes do not touch the main verb. In a compound leaf, each leaflet is separated along a main or a secondary vein.

The leaves of perennial plants are shed annually and are known as deciduous leaves, while the leaves that remain through winter are known as evergreen leaves. Leaves that are attached to stems by stalks are called petiolate. When they are attached directly without the help of stalks, then they are called sessile. Dicot leaves have blades in such a way that the major veins diverge from one large mid-vein and have smaller combining networks between them. Monocot leaves have narrow blades and are more common in temperate regions.

[tanya bajaj]

There are many things that nature has provided to us for which we should be thankful. One of them has to be flowers. Flowers make a place look greener and brighter. The beautiful fragrances and colors enhance the beauty of our gardens where we have planted the flowers.

Flowers are soft and beautiful. They appear in thousands of colors and shapes. There are many people who love flowers and have raised gardens of flowers. Many poets compare real-life things with flowers and write multiple poems. They portray the scenarios of our daily routine with the flowers.

No worship is complete without the use of flowers in India. People design a garland of flowers to dedicate to God. In addition, people also use flowers for decoration purposes in marriages. The bride and groom wear garlands of flowers to symbolize their marriage. At many weddings, the bride also carries a bouquet of flowers with her which is very symbolic while she walks down the aisle. People also gift flowers on special occasions like Valentine’s Day. Flowers are also used in the preparation of different perfumes. They are also used for making medicines.

We send flowers to people when they are sick. Flowers are used for brightening one’s day. People also send flowers as a token of condolence during funerals. Flowers are beautiful and have many uses at the same time.

There are many kinds of flowers having varied colors. In India, we observe different flowers like lily, lotus, rose, marigold, jasmine, and champak. Daffodils are popular in European countries. Every fruit or seed is led by a genus of flowers. The mongo blooms in India are seen in the summer season. The mustard flowers are yellowish and get beautiful in winters.

[tanya bajaj]

For our body to remain healthy, we need to consume a certain amount of nutrients which should contain the required amount of Carbohydrates, Fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and also roughage. Intake of all of these nutrients regularly executes a balanced diet. When we consume all these nutrients in the required amount, we remain healthy and energetic. A balanced diet also strengthens our immune system.

Vegetables form an indispensable part of this balanced diet. A large section of people are vegetarian in India and so depend on vegetables as their primary source of food. Vegetables play an important role in maintaining the good health of people. They are rich sources of vitamins and other important nutrients.

Vegetables are rich sources of proteins, minerals, phosphorous, iron, iodine, etc. All the leafy vegetables are a part of Vitamin A. Vegetables like peas, spinach comes under Vitamin B. Tomato, moringa contains vitamin C in them. And all the leafy vegetables definitely contain Vitamin K in them.

Apart from the eating benefits of vegetables, growing vegetables also have more income than any other source. Sufficient technical manpower is available in our country which can be utilized in growing vegetables. There is no scarcity of water for growing vegetables. An abundance of rainfall is already there, so the growing of vegetables is not a tough job to start.

Most of the vegetables do not contain fat or cholesterol. Adding different vegetables to your daily list may also reduce the risks of blood pressure. They are important for proper bowel movement. Fiber-containing food such as vegetables makes you feel full even when small quantities of vegetables are consumed.

We all know the different advantages of vegetable intake. We should include green leaf vegetables in our daily routine in order to prevent ourselves from unwanted diseases.

[tanya bajaj]

A greenhouse is a structure that is generally made up of glass. Temperature and humidity can be controlled in a greenhouse for the protection of plants. A natural phenomenon that warms the Earth’s surface and troposphere is called the Greenhouse effect.

The greenhouse effect is induced by the presence of water vapor in the air, along with some other gases like carbon dioxide, methane, etc. These gases are called greenhouse gases. Of all those gases, water vapor has the most long-lasting effect.

The atmosphere admits most of the visible light from the Sun to pass through and enter Earth’s surface. As the Earth’s surface is warmed by sunlight, it reflects part of this energy towards space in the form of infrared radiation. This radiation, unlike visible light, directs to be incorporated by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, increasing its temperature. The heated atmosphere, in turn, reflects the infrared radiation towards the Earth’s surface.

Though we know that the greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon but mankind has a lot to do with this effect. This tremendous increase in the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is just because of human activities. Human beings are the reason behind many of the problems that the country is facing these days. We are advised by the government not to use Chlorofluorocarbons i.e. CFCs, which add to the greenhouse gases.

The greenhouse gases trap heat in them and then warm the Earth’s surface. Greenhouse gases comprise of carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, and some other fluorinated gases. These molecules in our atmosphere are termed greenhouse gases as they assimilate the heat particles within them. These gases have a huge impact on our environment.

We know all the reasons behind this increase in the greenhouse effect and we can do a lot to prevent our environment, but nothing is being done by the people.

[tanya bajaj]

Plastic bags are non-biodegradable and remain for a long time in the environment. They take up to 1000 years to decompose. Plastic materials also clog waterways, oceans, lakes, etc, and also harm marine animals. There are many disadvantages of using plastic in the environment. Rather, we should try to use some of its alternatives. Jute is the best alternative to plastic.

Jute, on the other hand, is naturally green and 100 percent biodegradable. It is an eco-friendly material. It is not at all harmful to the environment. Amongst many of its products, the jute bag is in trend these days. It is soft, shiny, and strong as compared to the plastic bag. They are used to perform various functions like used to carry lunch boxes, textbooks, groceries, etc. They can also be customized using design, color, or some quotes. Unlike plastic bags, jute bags are not harmful to food products. It is said that eating out of plastic containers may cause cancer. Jute is not dangerous to us or the environment as a whole. These products are extremely important because of their flexible nature. They are used for the packaging of food. They are also very comfortable to be used to carry bulky items.

Another important feature of jute bags is that they can be used for promotional activities. As it is said that they are customizable, taglines for any product or logo of any brand can be printed over the bags. Advertising anything on a jute bag is the best tool any brand can practice.

There are many designs and shapes available in the market for jute bags. People may use whichever design they like. When we think about jute bags, we should know that it has more features than plastic bags. And also, plastic is dangerous for us as well as the environment. We should try to bring such items to use that would not harm anyone and be useful at the same time.

[tanya bajaj]

Earlier, the air that we used to breathe was fresh and pure, but these days that air had got contaminated by toxic pollutants. And this is what is air pollution. Due to the increase in factories and industrialization, the concentration of poisonous gases has increased in the atmosphere. In addition to this, the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation also adds to the toxic substances in the air.

There are many causes of air pollution. The burning of fossil fuels, smoke released from factories, volcanic eruptions, forest fires, CFCs, carbon oxides are all the major reasons behind our air getting contaminated. Apart from these reasons, industrial waste, agricultural waste have also added up to air pollution.

The fossil fuels that are burned in the environment produce oxides of carbon that are harmful to the environment. Earlier, there used to be many trees which man has cut down now for their selfish reasons. People cut down trees for building factories, houses, and using the land for different reasons. Trees filter the air that we breathe in. Now, since the number of trees has been reduced to a larger extent, so the filtering process does not take place much often. Also, for the past few years, fossil fuels are burning at a higher pace which has increased the number of pollutants in the air.

As responsible citizens, we should avoid doing such things that increase air pollution. We should indulge in reforestation. Planting more trees would result in a decrease in air pollution. Also, after the installation of industries, the gases that are sent out by the factories should be refined which would help minimize the toxic gases in the atmosphere. We can also start using eco-friendly fuels like CNG, LPG, etc. In this way, the harmful toxic gases would be minimized in the atmosphere.

[tanya bajaj]

The amount of water vapor present in the atmosphere is called humidity. Water vapor, as we know is the gaseous form of water. Humidity comprises only of the vapor particles and not water in any liquid form like fog, or rain. Approximately 50 percent of the total atmospheric vapor is concentrated in the lower atmosphere up to the height of 2000 meters.

Deserts are the areas that have low humidity and tropical regions have high humidity. If we say, the area is humid, that means the humidity of that region is very high. A humid place gives the feeling of wet air. The temperature is very high in a humid place.

There are three primary measurements of humidity. They are Absolute Humidity, Relative Humidity, and Specific Humidity. Absolute Humidity determines the water content of the air and is represented either in grams per cubic meter or grams per kilograms. Relative Humidity is expressed in the form of a percentage. It indicates the amount of absolute humidity relative to the maximum humidity provided the temperature remains the same. Specific Humidity refers to the ratio of water vapor mass to the total moist air parcel mass.

The instrument used to measure humidity is called hygrometers. Humidity also affects the rate of evaporation. Humidity and the rate of evaporation are inversely proportional. As humidity increases, the rate of evaporation decreases. When the humidity is high, the rate of evaporation of sweat from the skin decreases. In this high humidity, the blood brought to the body surface cannot dissipate heat by the process of conduction. When so much blood is dissipated to the outside world, the amount of blood left for the active muscles of the body, brain, and internal organs decrease. The physical strength of the body decreases and fatigue occurs sooner.

[tanya bajaj]

Monsoon is the season that is almost liked by everyone. It comes after summer so people get relieved from the unbearable heat. Children mostly like to play in the rain. Some children also make boats that they would float on the water collected in front of their homes or their terraces. People like to eat Pakoras in this season.

Though this season protects people from the scorching sun rays of the summer but it also brings many diseases along with it. People who like to get wet in the rain tend to bring home many diseases. This combination of humid climate, heavy rains, and strong winds tend to infect people with a lot of diseases. Viral fever is one of the common diseases that people can catch by getting wet in the rainy season. Along with viral fever, catching a cold and cough, swine flu, stomach infections are also some common health problems that people catch very easily.

One should avoid getting wet in the rain, especially in the first rain of the season as it is very dangerous for our body. It contains pollutants and toxic gases which make the water acidic and harmful for our skin. One should avoid eating street food these days. We should prefer having a healthy and balanced diet. We should try and keep our homes clean during the rainy season. We should stay protected from mosquitoes in this season especially as they may infect us with many diseases.

Diseases like cholera spread in this season. It is mainly caused by drinking contaminated water. It generally spreads in places with poor sanitation facilities. There is one more disease that spreads by contaminated food or water- Typhoid. Viral fever also infects people in this season. The moment a person gets wet in the rain, he starts sneezing and catches a cold. That is the symptom of viral infection.

[tanya bajaj]

Rainwater harvesting is a practice in which rainwater is collected and stored rather than letting it run off on the surface. Rainwater is generally collected on roof-like surfaces that is then redirected to a safer place like a tank, cistern, etc. It is redirected so that it seeps down the surface and restores along with the groundwater.

Rainwater harvesting is one of the oldest methods that has been adopted by people to store water and then reuse it for household purposes. It is like a self-supply of water. As we know that rainwater is the purest form of water, it can directly be stored and used as such, but for safety purposes, many people tend to use that water only after a certain process. That water undergoes many filtration techniques and then is being used by people. This water is used to provide drinking water, water for livestock, irrigation, and maybe an initiative by people to replenish the ground levels.

Many industries follow rainwater harvesting. Frankfurt Airport has the biggest system installed in Germany. They save nearly 1 million cubic centimeters of water per year. The system collects water from the roof that covers an area of 26,800 square meters. The water is collected in the basement of the airport. The airport has six water tanks installed in the basement where the rainwater finally gets stored. This water is then brought to use by them for various purposes like watering plants, cleaning their air conditioner systems, etc.

People know the value of water and therefore try to save by taking all possible measures. Rainwater harvesting is one of the oldest techniques that is followed by people to be self-sufficient. These days, schools, colleges, and many industries have also started to harvest the rainwater and use it wisely. They also save money by doing this.

[tanya bajaj]

Rainwater, as we know, is the purest form of water. Most people tend to store rainwater and use it for drinking and other household chores. Though it is advisable to boil the water first and then drink but many people do not follow this and use that water as it is. However, the first rain of the season is not quite good and really not safe for storage.

It is a fact that the first rain of the season is not very safe to get wet nor safe for storage purposes. It is believed that the first rain of the month is acidic because of the presence of pollutants in the atmosphere. The toxic gases tend to combine with the water to form destructive acids which are not good for our body.

We know about the process of the water cycle which helps in the formation of rain. Rain falls from clouds, but have we ever wondered from where do the clouds come in the atmosphere. Clouds are formed of water that is evaporated from the water bodies. Some plants exhale oxygen along with water during their process of photosynthesis. When that water, along with the water from the water bodies evaporate, it evaporates in the form of water vapor. When that water vapor cools down and condenses, they are converted to solid or liquid form, they turn into clouds. With more water condensing onto other water droplets, the droplets become stronger and bigger in size. When they get too heavy to stay in that cloud, they fall on the Earth in the form of rain. Clouds are the major element of the water cycle as they hold the water till their last breath and when it gets impossible to hold onto that, they suspend the water particles that fall on the Earth’s surface as Rain.

[tanya bajaj]

Every grain of sand has a story attached to it. Sand may come from various locations, sources, or environments. It is not easier for people to recognize what type of sand it is. Sand is formed from the weathering of rocks. The breaking down of rocks, while they are in contact with water, atmospheric gases, or biological organisms, is called weathering of rocks. Weathering is basically divided into two types- physical weathering and chemical weathering.

Physical weathering comprises of the breakdown of rocks by some means of mechanical effects of heat, water, or other agents. While chemical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks using chemical reactions that may take place with water, atmospheric gases, or any biologically produced chemicals.

For thousands and millions of years, rocks follow this process of weathering. They take time to decompose, especially quartz and feldspar. Rocks take many years to reach a water body. Starting thousands of miles away from the oceans, or beaches, they slowly travel down rivers and streams, continually breaking down along their way. Once they make it to the beach area, they are in constant touch with the water that flows near them. They further break down into even smaller pieces from the continual action of waves and tides.

The big rocks that reach the beach area are broken down into many smaller pieces which are called mud. The silt and clay particles are too small to be seen by the naked eyes. The broken pieces of the rocks that are somewhat bigger in size and can be held in our hands are called sand. The rocks break down into bigger bits and that is called sand. When the sand is there on the ground, it all seems to be of one color but if we hold it in our hands, we get to see the actual blend of different colors that are mixed together.

[tanya bajaj]

A detailed and careful study about something to explore more about that field is termed research. It refers to new knowledge developing or using the existing knowledge to get in-depth knowledge about something. These days research is gaining an all-new wave as the world is becoming modern and all we need are some new ways to deal with it. Research is getting more common these days so as to generate new concepts, methodologies, and understandings using some creativity.

The main purpose of research is to gather shreds of evidence for the theories that have already been written by some scientists. It also contributes towards more learning for the people. For many people, whether they belong to the scientific institution or not, are keen to explore more in diverse fields.

It is already proved how research is valuable in today’s time. It plays a crucial role in many people’s lives. So many people depend on their research work for their living. Basically, it is a tool for building knowledge and promoting learning. It is mostly used for expanding public awareness. It is a means to understand the issues in the society, working on them, and hence coming out with some ideas to eliminate that issue without harming anyone. Even in schools, colleges, and offices, research is the major thing that everyone follows. In most companies, there is a separate department by the name Research and Development, where a team is specially designed to work on different products. A design is first made of the product by that team and then their feasibility is checked if they would be able to perform in the real world. In colleges, students are taught to write research papers using some specific tools. Students explore more about the topic that they want to write about, read more books, do their study on Google, and start writing their research papers, which sometimes get published as well.

[tanya bajaj]

Autumn is one of the four major seasons in India. It is also known as the fall season as the leaves start falling from the branches in this season. When the season transforms from summer to winter, autumn plays the role of a season changer.

There is a sequence of all the seasons in India. The months of December, January, and February are full of cold weather and hence called the winter season. Then comes the Spring season which occurs in the months of March, April, and May. Thereafter, the Summer season starts in the month of June and ends in August. Then comes the autumn season which starts after Summer i.e. September and prevails till November.

Every season has its own characteristics. During this season, the leaves start falling from the trees. Because of lack of rain, they start drying up and fall, and then the new leaves are scheduled to come up in the winter season.

Everything turns from green to yellow in this season. the fallen leaves cover the face of Mother Earth. Animals and birds start preparing for the winter season. Some birds start migrating from one place to another. Small animals like squirrels and mice start storing food for the upcoming season so they do not have to move out of their holes in winters. Some animals prepare for their hibernation by finding warm places for themselves.

This season is the best for growing vegetation like carrots, cauliflowers, grapes, etc. These fruits and vegetables are the gifts of this season. Also, the major festivals of our country fall during this season. Durga Puja is celebrated in Autumn.

This season is generally loved by all the people as it is kind of a moderate season, neither is it very hot nor very cold.

[tanya bajaj]

The village is the pride of our country, India. The most calm, composed, and serene place in the whole world. A lush green field, an unpolluted environment are all that come to our mind when the word village arises. The ambiance of that place helps in maintaining the physical and mental health of a person. Agriculture is a vast sector in India and plays a major role in India’s economy.

People stay in unison in villages no matter what. People live in a village like a big grand joint family. They are always there for each other. They learn to share and care from a very young age. Since agriculture is a vast sector, many people are involved in this sector. Agriculture is the bread and butter for many people. The financial condition of farmers is not very good, they don’t have access to advanced technologies and that makes this job a little difficult for them.

People living in villages have a very ordinary lifestyle, they know the importance of managing with limited resources. Some of them even live in kaccha houses or, we may say, temporary houses, made up of clay and mud, thatched roofs made of straws or burnt clay tiles. Villages don’t even have many amenities. There are limited schools and hospitals out there. People are not aware of the importance of education. Hence, the literacy rate is very less in villages. Their life is totally different from the urban population.

The transportation is also not very smooth in the village area. There is too much love among all the people. They tend to celebrate all festivals together and spend as much time together as they can. They are always ready to help each other when in need. Although, the life of those people may look soothing to us but living in a village area also has some drawbacks attached with it.

[tanya bajaj]

Child Labor refers to the employment of children in any sort of work that hinders their physical and mental health and withholds them from their basic education. Many children are forced to work because of some of the circumstances at their homes. But people should understand that if children don’t get proper education, they won’t be able to excel in their life.

A large number of children are bound to work at some places where it can be really dangerous for them to risk their lives. They are hired for some hazardous and non-hazardous activities like the glass industry, matchbox factories, carpet industry, as well as domestic help, etc.

Childhood is considered the best time of a person’s life. But many children lose their innocence in this greatest period of their life. But this time is very difficult for some children who are compelled to work to make both of their ends meet. According to the Child Labor project and 2011 census, 10.2 million children are captivated in child labor in India, out of which 4.5 million are girls.

Earlier, children used to help their parents with some activities like household chores, or some farming help like sowing, reaping, harvesting, etc but these days after the development of the industrial sector, the problem of child labor has increased tremendously.

Poverty is one of the major reasons behind child labor. In poor families, children are thought to be an extra helping hand. They believe children to be their bread earner and so they also tend to have more children. They do not consider education important at such a tender age. When these children grow up to a decent age, they are expected to share the responsibilities along with their parents.

The government has a major role to play in this issue. They should help the poor people by assuring them that the basic amenities to be provided to them at very low prices. We, as responsible citizens of the country, should not allow child labor at least at our homes, and try to educate them by helping them in every possible way.