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There two types of lens- convex lens and a concave lens. The convex lens is known as a converging lens and a concave lens is termed as a diverging lens. A convex lens is used to focus the light rays to a specific point. And a concave lens is used to spread out the light rays in different directions that fall on it.
A magnifying glass is made up of a convex lens that is used to produce an enlarged image of an object. The first-ever magnifying glass was invented by Franciscan friar and scholar Roger Bacon in the 1250s. It is used to focus light at a single point, such as to concentrate the sun’s radiation at a specific spot to create a hot spot at the focus for the fire setting. The lens is usually mounted in a frame with a handle.
A magnifying glass is often used in a detective agency as they need to focus on small objects or to capture fingerprints while investigating any case. Also, they can be used to read small letters and figures. They are also used by scientists to study tiny germs or insects.
The magnification of a magnifying glass depends upon where it is placed between the user’s eye and the objects being viewed. Magnifying glasses can make the objects appear larger if the lens is placed close to the object that is to be viewed. In this way, the light rays are bent towards the center of the lens. And when these bent rays reach the eye they make the object appear much larger than it actually is. However, if the object is far enough away from the lens, the image will flip, appearing smaller and upside down. The magnified image is called the virtual image and the smaller, inverted image is called the real image.
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Mangroves are small shrubs or trees that grow in coastal saline or brackish water. They occur worldwide in the tropical as well as sub-tropical areas, largely between latitudes 25 degrees North and 25 degrees South. They are also termed as halophytes as they are salt-tolerant trees and are adapted to live in harsh coastal conditions.
Mangrove forests occupy around 2,00,000 square kilometers across the globe covering 30 countries. In India, mangrove forests cover an area of 4,482 square kilometers. They are basically an interface between land and the sea in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
Mangroves are intermediate vegetation between land and sea that grow in oxygen-deficient soils that contain Hydrogen Sulphide. They perform significant ecological practices like nutrient cycling, hydrological regime, coastal protection, fish-fauna production, etc. Their dense roots help in the prevention of soil erosion as well. They bind the soil underneath and their roots that are above the ground slow down the water flow and encourage sediment deposits that reduce soil erosion. Mangroves also act as shock absorbers. They act as a buffer or shock absorber in times of such disasters.
An important function that Mangroves perform is that they capture a huge amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, traps and stores them in their carbon-rich flooded soils. This is an extensive ecosystem service as we face climate change. This buried carbon is called “blue carbon” as it is stored underwater in coastal ecosystems like mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and salt marshes.
Mangrove forests also provide habitat to a wide number of animals and birds. Branches of the mangroves act as nesting areas for coastal wading birds like egrets, herons. Endangered species such as the smalltooth sawfish, hawksbill sea turtle, Key Deer, and the Floride panther rely on this habitat during some stage of their life cycle.
Mangroves also provide nature experiences for people such as fishing, snorkeling, and the kind of relaxation that comes from these kinds of activities is overwhelming. It also provides economic benefits to the communities involved in these activities. Consequently, mangrove forests play a major role with more valuable ecological services, scientific management of the same is the need of the hour not only for the wellbeing of mankind but also for the coastal biodiversity.
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Raja Ram Mohan Roy was born on 22nd May 1772. He was given the title of Raja by Akbar II. He is also considered to be the “Father of the Bengal Renaissance” by many historians. He was one of the founders of the Brahmo Samaj. He also gave some religious reforms to the Brahmo Samaj.
1. Brahmo Samaj believes that the most fundamental doctrines of Brahmoism are at the basis of every religion followed by a man.<div>
2. They believe in the existence of One Supreme God- God endowed with a distinct personality and moral attributes equal to his nature, and intelligence befitting the Author and Preserver of the Universe,” and worship him alone.
3. They also believe that God’s worship needs no fixed place or time. “We can adore Him at any time and any place, provided that time and that place are calculated to compose and direct the mind towards Him.”
He had studied the Quran, the Vedas, and the Upanishads, and therefore his beliefs were a combination of Hinduism, Islam, and the ideas of Freemasons.
Roy founded the Atmiya Sabha and the Unitarian Community to fight the social evils, and to propagate social and educational reforms in India. He also fought against superstitions and was a trend-setter in Bengali Prose and Indian Press. He fought against many social and educational reforms. He demanded property inheritance rights for women. He was the person who stood against the Hindu culture and abducted the practices of Sati, child marriage, and the caste system.
He believed education to be the only source of any social reform in the country. In collaboration with David Hare, he set up a Hindu college at Calcutta. He also supported the induction of western learning into Indian education. He had also set up Vedanta College which had courses that were a blend of Western and Indian learning. Ending this with a famous quote from Raja Ram Mohan Roy “I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the culture of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any”.
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Rabindranath Tagore famously called “Kabiguru”, was born on 7 May 1861. He was an artist, philosopher, and artist. He composed numerous accounts, novels, sonnets, and dramatizations. He is also known for creating music. His works significantly affected Bengali culture during the late nineteenth century and mid-twentieth century. In 1913, he turned into the primary Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Rabindra Nath Tagore was mainly a poet, but his other writings included essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, and a variety of songs. Many movies also have songs that were taken from his songs- popularly known as the Rabindra Sangeet. He also had an interest in writing non-fiction books. He covered many subjects including the history of India, linguistics, essays, and lectures. He was also a travel blogger who liked to write about his experiences of traveling to different places. This term was then coined as travelogues.
Since he had an interest in writing, he also wrote his autobiography. He also wrote dramas and one of the famous dramas that he wrote was 2 plays in which he was assisted by Dipashri in 1917. He also got a book published “My Reminiscences”. In this book, Rabindranath Tagore gave credit to his friend and mentor Mr. Akshay Chowdhury for leading him in literature since he was a child. He wrote that he loved to discuss high-level literature in detail with Akshay. Also, at times, Akshay and his wife Sarat Kumari Chaudhurani used to participate in long talks about literature in a garden at Thakur Bari.
In addition to literature, Tagore was interested in music and artwork. He was a musician and a painter. He wrote around 2300 songs which were named Rabindra Sangeet. Also, Tagore is the only person to write anthems for three countries- India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Aman Shonar Bangla, the National Anthem of Bangladesh is given by Tagore. And Sri Lanka Matha, the National Anthem of Sri Lanka was written in Bengali version which was later translated by his student, Ananda Samarakoon was also written by Tagore. Jana Gana Mana- the National Anthem of India is hence given by Rabindra Nath Tagore.
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Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths in the world. One of every five deaths is caused due to smoking. It causes more than 480,000 deaths every year in the United States. There is nothing good that can be expressed about smoking. It harms nearly every organ of the human body, causes many diseases, and also highly impacts the health of the people involved in this practice. Smoking severely damages the lungs of people. The women who smoke are rigorously affected by this. They die more because of lung cancer each year than from breast cancer.
Statistics confirm that 90% of the people die from lung cancer every year. Smoking also affects the heart and blood vessels of people. It causes stroke and coronary heart diseases, which are among the leading causes of death these days. It is not only the chain smokers who get affected by smoking but also, people who smoke less than 5 cigarettes a day may get early signs of cardiovascular diseases. It destroys the blood vessels and has the capability to either thicken them or make them narrow which makes the heart beat faster. It causes the blood pressure of the person to rise beyond a certain limit. If a person is already suffering from Asthma, tobacco from the cigarettes can trigger an attack or make an attack worse.
Cigarette smoking also causes environmental pollution by releasing toxic pollutants into the atmosphere. The cigarette butts also litter the environment and the toxic chemicals go deep into the soil and waterways, causing soil and water pollution respectively. It comes out that not only the smoke but the cigarette butts are also harmful to the environment. Sometimes unknowingly those cigarette butts are even consumed by the animals and birds and are deeply devastated. It is clearly written on the pack of cigarettes that “Smoking kills” and one should not consume it. People should understand the depth of the problems that smoking causes in living beings.
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Dussehra is one such festival that the country celebrates with great zeal and enthusiasm. But before jumping to the importance of Dussehra, let us first learn why and how is Dussehra celebrated generally.
Dussehra is one of the most important festivals in the Hindu tradition. It signifies the victory of good over evil. A very long time ago, King Dashratha was the king of Koshada. He had three wives- Kaushalya, Kaikeyi, and Sumitra and four sons- Rama, Bharata, Lakshman, and Shatrughna. Since Rama was the eldest of all, King Dashratha wanted to crown him as the King of Ayodhya. Everyone in the kingdom was happy about this decision but Queen Kaikeyi wanted her son Bharata to be the king of Ayodhya.
Years back, King Dashratha had granted Kaikeyi two boons that she could grant anytime afterward. So on the eve of the ceremony, she decided to claim those two boons by asking King Dashratha to send Rama to exile for fourteen years and also demanded Bharata to be the king of Ayodhya. King Dashratha had no option but to cede her these boons.
Lord Rama, Sita, and Lakshman had to sacrifice all the royal luxuries for all this time. They had successfully spent thirteen years in the forests but in the last year of their exile, a Rakshasi by the name of Supranakha tried to seduce the two brothers but in vain but then tried to kill Sita but failed. She returned to her brother Ravana, king of Lanka after all this humiliation. He then abducted Sita. When Rama and Lakshman learned about this, they took the help of Hanuman and progressed towards Lanka.
A huge fight ensued between both of their armies where eventually Rama and his army won and successfully reunited with Sita. The fight went on for ten days where on the tenth day Lord Rama had finally killed Ravana, signifying the power of goodness and humanity is above everything.
Therefore, it is said that Dussehra is celebrated to commemorate the victory of good over evil. In the Northern and the western states, Dussehra is celebrated as the victory of Lord Rama over Ravana whereas, in the southern and eastern states, three different Goddesses are worshipped- Lakshmi, Saraswati, and Durga- all the Goddesses of power and strength.
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Synonyms are words that have the same or similar meanings. These words provide variety in our writing. It often becomes boring when the same word is used again and again in a sentence. So to bring diversifications in sentences, synonyms are generally used. Amitabh Bachchan is a famous actor. Or Amitabh Bachchan is a well-known actor. Both the sentences are similar. Similarly, let us take one more example. The lady is yelling at the shopkeeper. Or the lady is shouting at the shopkeeper. It just depends on the usage of the words. Some of the examples of synonyms are-
1. Afraid, scared, frightened
2. Ill, sick, unwell
3. Quick, fast, swift
4. Garbage, trash, junk, waste
It is said that synonyms have similar meanings but sometimes they are not irreplaceable. For example, pretty, beautiful, and handsome- all have similar meanings. But beautiful can’t be used in the place of handsome. As we know that, these are gender-oriented words. The word pretty or handsome can’t be used for a boy and vice-versa.
Antonyms are words that are opposites in nature. They are generally used to show the contrast between two things or to emphasize on any particular point. Learning antonyms are an effective way to enhance one’s vocabulary. It is just a matter of memorizing the words. Some of the examples of antonyms are-
1. Add- Subtract
2. Hard- Soft
3. Sell- Buy
4. Less- More
It is important to learn synonyms and antonyms. Knowing these, one can express oneself in a better and more presentable way. If you know different words, you can present yourself better in front of others and also deliver your exact message to them. The trick is knowing the right word at the right place but you can’t pick the correct word unless you actually know it. So, knowing several words and finding out their correct application is also very important. Enhancing your vocabulary by using more synonyms and antonyms add colors to your speech or writing.
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This reply was modified 3 years, 11 months ago by
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This reply was modified 3 years, 11 months ago by
Kidpid.
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There are in all nine parts of speech. Adjectives are one of them. Adjectives are the words that describe the qualities or states of being of nouns. They are used to modify nouns. They can also describe the quantity of nouns: many, millions, few, etc. Just like nouns, they can also describe pronouns. An adjective is often used before a noun. Some examples of adjectives are cheerful, fearless, young, expensive, etc.
Some examples of adjectives when used in sentences before nouns are-
1. The young lady is driving the car.
2. Vineet is staying in a luxurious room.
3. Shreya is the tallest girl in the class.
Here, in the first sentence, the word young is describing the quality of the lady who is driving the car. In the second sentence, the adjective luxurious is describing the state of the room. And in the third sentence, the feature that Shreya has is that she is tall. So, the word tallest describes the height of Shreya.
Also, adjectives are sometimes used after verbs as well.
1. The sky is pink.
2. When asked a question, the boy became clueless.
3. After a point, Chetan Bhagat’s novels seem interesting.
In all of the above examples, the words that immediately precede adjectives are verbs. Though the adjectives are describing the nouns here but the noun and adjective don’t need to be used together.
Similarly, let us take some examples where adjectives complement pronouns.
1. Ravi screamed in front of the whole class. He is <strong style=”font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;”>arrogant by nature.
2. Arya wants to buy earrings. They are very expensive.
3. Sonam failed in her Maths exam. She is very weak in Maths.
Here in the above examples, adjectives are describing pronouns. The first example is about Ravi where it is talking about his nature. The word arrogant describes his characteristic. In the second sentence, the word expensive is the adjective used for earrings. Similarly, in the third sentence, the adjective is used for Sonam.
We can also use two or more adjectives together. For example, he was talking to a beautiful young lady. Here beautiful and young both are adjectives used for the lady.
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Group Discussion these days is an important activity for the selection process in academic, business, and administrative spheres. It is a process that masters the art of exchange of ideas, thoughts, and feelings through communicating with a bunch of people. The members participating in a group discussion generally sit in a semi-circle facing each other. A group discussion is monitored by a moderator. He observes the behavior of participants towards each other. The group discussion generally extends for around 15 minutes. Once the participants are seated comfortably, the moderator gives them the topic for their discussion. Usually, they are given 1-2 minutes to ponder upon that respective topic, and thereafter the discussion is started. A group discussion is different from a debate in many ways. A debate is competitive whereas group discussion is a cooperative group process. In a debate, the speaker has to express either for the topic or against it whereas, in a group discussion, the speaker can express both. For a debate, one team has to win whereas, in a group discussion, there is no competition like that. A group discussion is different at all levels- school level, college level, and office level. The moderator assesses the candidates according to their body language, their knowledge of the subject, communication skills, and listening skills. Most of the time, the moderator jots down the positive and negative points of each of the participants, gives them marks according to their skills, and thereafter they are moved to the next round if shortlisted. It is an effective tool in problem-solving and decision-making. At the college level, students are assessed mostly based on their knowledge of the topic, their personality, their confidence level, and whether or not the students possess leadership qualities. The students’ listening skills are also checked in a group discussion. Participants are also evaluated based on their team management skills. For the participants, the most important thing in a group discussion is to see that they do not disrespect anyone by cutting their point or by fighting with them. We all are different and obviously can’t agree with all the points that other speakers are delivering but one has to make sure that if you don’t agree with their point, simply tell them that instead of insulting them by any means. There are 3 phases in a GD- Initiation, the central group discussion, and the summarization. There are separate marks for the person who initiates the group discussion and the one who summarizes the discussion.
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Before understanding the reason behind birds flying in the air, we have to understand the concept of Aerodynamics. It is the scientific study of the way that things move through the air. Anything that moves through air is an application of Aerodynamics, be it an airplane or a kite or even a bike that moves on-road, as it cuts the air as well, so it is also an application of Aerodynamics. There are four forces of Aerodynamics- Lift, weight, drag, and thrust.
Weight is the force that pulls anything towards Earth because of gravity. Lift is the force that acts opposite to that of weight. If this force is more than that of the weight, it helps the object to move upwards. Weight and lift are vertical forces, whereas drag and thrust are horizontal forces. Drag is the force that tries to slow down the object. It makes an object hard to move. On the other hand, thrust is the force that acts opposite to drag. It is the push that moves something forward. For an object to move in the forward direction, it should have more thrust than drag. Now coming back to the question of birds. Why and how do they fly? Birds are lightweight and have smooth feathers, which makes the forces of weight and drag almost negligible. In addition to that, they also have just a beak instead of heavy jaws and teeth, which also makes the value of weight significantly less. They also have a streamlined body which weakens the force of drag. Birds use their legs to push off the ground into the air. And then they use their flaps to stay in the air.
The wings of birds also play a substantial role in their flight. Their wings are curved that keeps the air above and below the wings and helps the bird fly in the air. The increased speed creates a longer path of air, which then explains the air moving quickly over the wing’s top surface, reduces air pressure on top of the wing, and therefore creates lift. The larger the wings, the more the lift generated by them. Light bones, strong legs, larger wings- all these are the characteristics required by birds to fly. Birds also fly so that they don’t get hunted by the animals that are too eager to eat them. Apart from that, there is one more reason why birds fly. Just like we get bored sitting at one place, birds also tend to get bored staying at one place. They don’t much like the cold weather or sometimes vice-versa. So, they tend to fly from a cold atmosphere to a warm environment. This phenomenon is also called migration. Once the birds are out in the air, they don’t need to flap their wings again and again to fly. Once they are up in that sky, they can glide, which can also be explained as a free ride that they gift themselves. They only need to flap their wings once in a while. Also, they can let a jet of air push them up even higher; in that case, they need to balance themselves properly.