Anushree Ray
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Indus valley civilization belongs to Chalcolithic age/ Bronze age. It was the largest civilization on that period. It belonged to the time period of the Early Harappan age i.e., 3200-2600 BC. It was an urban civilization. Harappan script was pictographic and logo specific. It was written from right to left in the first line and left to right in the second line. This style is known as “Boustrophedon”. In 1826, Charles Mason was the first person, who noticed the remains of Harappa City. In the year of 1861, Archaeological survey of India was founded by Alexander Cunningham. In 1924, Sir Jhon Marshall named this civilization as Indus Valley civilization.
The most interesting part of this civilization was its brilliant town planning which constituted of:
ü Most of the cities divided into two parts a) Upper area b) Lower Area. (Dholavira divided into three parts)
ü In upper area a citadel was existed (Chanahudaro is the only city without Citadel). Rulers of the city was probably lived there.
ü In Lower area the common people lived.
ü Grid or Chessboard system where roads cut across one another at right angles and the city was divided into large rectangular or square box.
ü In most of the cities, houses built with burnt bricks (exception: Dholavira where stones used as a building material and in kalibangan, houses built with mud bricks)
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Paragraph writing is one of the writing skills which one needs to master. This writing skill is included in the curriculum of students at an early age. One needs to have clear idea and knowledge about a certain topic in order to produce a nice paragraph on the same. Paragraph writing also requires a rich vocabulary. It is basically the accumulation of facts and figures in a descriptive manner, which lets one to understand and know more about a topic.
Points to keep in mind while composing a paragraph on a certain topic:
1. A paragraph must always start with an attractive appropriate title which complements the body of the writeup.
2. A paragraph must constitute of an introductory part as well as a conclusion part and in the middle, it should talk about all the necessary information and description.
3. One should always avoid spelling mistakes as it creates a very bad impression and degrades the quality of the writeup.
4. One should write upon the very given topic and noy shift the same, the writing should be informative and crisp
5. It should always abide by the mentioned word limit.
Writing a paragraph is not a very tough job but it requires practice.
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The soil which we see at the surface of Earth actually consists of many layers among them the most fertile is the top layer which lets trees and plant grow with all the necessary nutrients and also helps them to grow. Soil erosion is the phenomenon which results in moving away the fertile top layer of the soil and gets us exposed to the rocky unfertile layer. This is generally caused either due to extreme natural condition such as cyclone or flood which takes along with it the top layer of the soil and another major reason which is responsible for soil erosion is human activities such as deforestation.
Deforestation is the practice of cutting down trees for human needs such as product manufacturing or clearing land for building establishments. Cutting down trees result in loosening the soil particles as because there is no more root to bind and hold the soil particles together firmly. Processes such as building concrete roads all over results in uprooting the green grass which also helps in binding the soil together.
Soil erosion is a serious problem which needs to be taken proper care of, we should plant more and more trees in order to ensure that the upper fertile layer remains intact.
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We all are fighting day and night to establish ourself, someone in schools and colleges to get good grades, someone is striving in the corporate world to grab a higher post and a greater salary package where as there are also people who are fighting at their home to stand up against the injustice happening inside the four walls of a family. We often go ahead and find out different meaning of success but actually success does not have a proper definition it is not the salary package one withdraws or the class one belongs to. Success is a state where a people feel from the bottom of their heart that the actions, they performed with a certain purpose has served it and the person has achieved a goal. Success has no end and no beginning. And the sole mantra to success is hard work, patience and the believe in one own self. There is no shortcut to success, one has to walk a full-length path and has to witness all kinds of experience in order to taste the flavor of success.
In order to be successful in life one should be very much determined and should always be ready to face challenges and come out with required solutions.
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Already the pandemic has created a lot of mental imbalances among all amidst of this attending long hours of lectures sitting in front of the LED Screens turns out to be really tedious and also leads to irritation in the eye and other eyesight related problems, also this is making them a subject to obesity. Students also face a lot of problems regarding network connectivity which frequently disconnect them from the class and when the student re-joins, he/she has already missed on a part which results in incomplete education which is very harmful. The worst condition is for the subjects which require hands on experiment, there are online simulators and softwares but they do not match the level of the physical mode, as a result of this students remain unknown of the challenges which can occur if were practically perform something and this makes them incompatible for real job. In education there are many things which require a physical interface and cannot be demonstrated with a mere webcam. This online mode also barges in between the teacher-student relationship which is a fundamental requirement, students generally are not comfortable asking away doubts if there is no bonding between them and such doubts pile up to create misconception which is not at all advisable. Also, school, colleges and other educational institutions provide the students with an environment to study with all students around studying or indulged in some educational activities inspires many and also boosts their confidence level which is not possible to create at home. Another important problem is that it is not possible to nurture is social or life skills through these online teaching-learning platforms.
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India is the developing country with the second largest population in the world after China. It also has a very high population density that is the number of people living per square feet of area is very high here. Also, the literacy rate here is not something very astonishing and there are still many superstitions in this land of culture and diversity. One of the major problems encountered by the citizens of India is Poverty and this has certain relevant causes:
1. POPULATION: The ever-increasing population has been the greatest challenge to curb poverty here, population is increasing with each passing day, here it is often found that there are families with a lot of members with no earning members among them this causes a havoc crisis.
2. EDUCATION: Lack of education also stands as a major cause; education is the backbone for every country and it should not only be theoretical but must include practical teaching and learning.
3. LACK OF JOBS: India is a developing country with not much job opportunities, workers are over exploited with more work and less payment it is also evident that we witness gender discrimination at many work places. India is still majorly dependent on its primary agricultural sector and yet is not completely able to make it out to the secondary or tertiary sectors.
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We live in the technological era, today almost everything is being run with technology and it is because of these technological advancements that we are able to witness so many man made wonders all around the world. Be it the smart phone we are using or the medical facilities we experience everything is fueled with technology. In this generation of Artificial Intelligence and Big data live has become so much easier with the diverse range of technologically advanced gadgets and solution to every problem of ours.
Everything comes with its own advantages and disadvantages similarly technology even gas its own positive and negative perspectives; it is true that it has reduced physical activities and this has given birth to one of the most serious medical problem that is obesity but sidewise it also saves a lot of time for us and we should be wisely planning our live styles in order to keep ourselves healthy. Also, technology has a great impact of children and they tend to do everything by auto simulator which is not at all a good practice for them as at that stage they require to work out problems in order to ensure a healthy mental growth.
Technology is surely a boon to us now it lies in our hands that how do we use it.
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Technology is a very important element for the world to grow and discover out the brand-new offers which this world provides us, but everything has its proper time and anything done ahead of time always results in unwanted outcomes. Similarly kids these days are too much engrossed in the technical world and thus are losing the essence of their roots which is not at all a practice to be encouraged. The tender age should be engaged in physical activities to promote both physical and mental growth more they come outdoors and experience things of a real scale the better it is for them to know this world but today everything is so virtual and kids are also adopting the virtual simulations and somewhere the originality is missing.
They are also subjected to obesity and improper mental development; technology tends to make them impatient and they loose control on themselves and are carried away by influencers in the online platform. They are getting exposed to a lot of content which is not supposed to be there for their age, they are becoming arrogant and are not ready to compromise at any cost. Technology also impacts on family bonding to kids and develops loose ends.
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India is a secular country with a diverse practise of various different kinds of religion such as Hindu, Muslim, Christianity, Sikh and many more but we all deep inside know that there is one ultimate power who has created this universe and is our ultimate guide. Most of us believe in the fact that “God is one” and we all are the children of the Almighty though we practice to offer our prayers in a diverse manner but ultimately all our prayers go to that ultimate power.
But there are some citizens among us who believe in evil and does not understand the plans of Almighty and thus uses the weapon of religion in order to create cause and divide us all. The barriers between the religions are caused by human beings and not by the Almighty we are the one who promotes the division and carry on with the ongoing wrong practices. The almighty made all of us equal he inherited heart, brain and love into us so that we ourselves find out what is good and what is evil rather going out and discriminate people on the basis of religion. The constant practice of discrimination on the basis of religion has originated hatred among the human race.
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Air conditioners are widely used in cities to provide relief from the hot warm weather, in one hand it makes the life of the people easy by providing them the comfort of working and living in a pleasant environment and on the other hand it joins hand in the harming our natural environment. Air conditioners releases CFC (Chlorofluorocarbons) these are composed of several organic compounds of carbon, fluorine and also does contains hydrogen. These organic compounds cause great damage to our environment. It deforms our ozone layer; the ozone layer protects us from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun and these CFC molecules tend to breakdown the ozone layer and lets the harmful ultraviolet rays to reach all the living beings these rays cause harmful skin diseases and are also the reason behind the increasing number of skin cancer patients. Also air conditioners are responsible for global warming by the emission of green house gases it also reduces human capabilities of sustaining lives in tough conditions.
Its high time for us to look out for our environment and take measures to reduce the emission of CFC compounds we can move on to air conditioners of different mechanisms which used some environmentally friendly compounds to give us relief.
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Newspaper is a very important element of mass communication and is used by people since a very long time. The practice of reading a newspaper is very essential as well as beneficiary. We all are aware of the need of soft skills in this generation, reading newspaper helps to master the act of public speaking as it keeps a person updated about every thing happening around the globe also it helps in enriching one’s vocabulary. Newspaper keeps us updated with every piece of news required and helps us to move along with the ever-changing world. Newspaper reading builds concentration and helps a person to explore, it makes sure to put in a lot of general knowledge into the person also the description of the practical instances gives a lot of teachings to the reader. It is referred to as one of the best practices to improve communication skills as it polishes reading, writing as well as the speaking skills of an individual.
It is a great engagement also there is availability of newspaper for children to develop them, it consists of news in a simpler language and also consists of various riddles and paper games which helps a child’s brain to develop and grow rich in terms of vocabulary.
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We all know the fact “Cleanliness lies next to godliness”, it is extremely important for us to keep ourselves and our environment clean to live a healthy life. Our father of the nation Mahatma Gandhi himself empathized on the needs of cleanliness and made people aware of personal hygiene as well as environmental cleanliness. In his memory our current Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi brought into existence a very necessary drive under the name of “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan”
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was a nation-wide observance of a tenure of five years from 2014-2019 under our honorable prime minister to ensure the basic hygiene of India. Its main focus was the villages of India where personal hygiene lacked in a greater extent as there were no existence of toilets and this drive by the government ensured that every house should have their personal toilet. Also, it focused on reducing plastic waste, littering waste here and there mostly in cities and also ensured mass recycle of non-biodegradable waste. This drive accelerated sanitation and also ensured the healthy growth of the second largest population of the world. Its main agenda was to make India a clean nation and attain new perks of health and hygiene. This was a massive drive by the government.
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Education is a basic necessity and it is the right of every individual human being to have access to education. Education helps to build a nation it helps and brings the citizen into the light of knowledge from the darkness of illiteracy and superstition. The importance of education has been immense since the starting of the human civilization. Education does not only means bookish knowledge the meaning of this word is mammoth and it includes a never ending procedure of teaching and learning. Education is not a one-day practice it requires attention and continuous efforts it is a job of patience and hard work.
Education makes people aware it develops their brain and gives people the power to differentiate between what is right and what is wrong. It helps in discovering and exploring new things which in turn makes the lives of people easier and also helps us to flourish. Education makes us self-dependent it provides us with the required confidence and also prepares us to deal with unknown situations and circumstances.
But sadly, still many of us are not able to access this basic right and are forced to remain in the darkness, it is extremely important to increase the literacy rate and make sure that atleast each and every human being gets the access to basic education.
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Plastic is an element which causes a lot of pollution and harms the society in a numerous way, but the 3R’s of saving the environment are of great use.
The 3 R’S of saving the environment are:
1) REDUCE: We generate a lot of non-biodegradable wastes on a daily basis, some of which are not very essential and are also replaceable. Also, we should use public vehicle more often and reduce the use of public vehicle this will reduce the use of fossil fuels and thus result in lesser pollution. Use jute bags and cloth bags in place of polythene this will also help in reducing the utility of plastic.
2) REUSE: We should practice reusing plastic bottles and containers instead of just using it once and throwing this will help in reducing the pollution as plastic is non-biodegradable and harms the nature. Reusing the polybags to discard waste in place of using another one will also help in reusing plastic.
3) RECYCLE: Instead of dumping waste we should engage in recycling them and making goods out of trash this will reduce the pollution and toxic nature in the environment. Recycling can be by the factory and also through small scale industry. Ecobricks are a great initiative to recycle plastic.
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In today’s competitive society being skilled only under the field of hard skills is simply not enough, a person should even be well sound in soft skills and on of the major soft skills is leadership management. In the era of smart technology management skills have become very important and is of great use. Leadership skills are extremely required to groom a person and also helps to be presentable and handle situations wisely. This is not a quality to be grown overnight or can just me mastered theoretically but this needs rigorous practice in daily practical practice.
Leadership skills makes a person sober and inputs etiquettes in them to deal with the outside world and grow rich in terms of knowledge and behavior. Leadership skills also helps in improving listening and speaking skills and helps a person to become a good listener and enhances analyzing skills. A person working on with leadership skills also develops the ability to solve problems in a smarter way with the best possible technology. A leader always aims towards working as a team player and is aware of the tips and tricks to control his team and make the best possible use of the available time.