Member Mahima
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EMOTIONS: It simply means how you are feeling. Some of the emotions identified are happiness, sadness, anger, crying, pleasure. Emotions play a very important role in our life, as our reactions are dependent on how are we feeling at a particular point in time. Decisions we take are also derived from emotions. Emotions control our life.
JUST REMEMBER DON’T LET YOUR EMOTIONS CONTROL YOU.
SIX BASIC TYPES OF EMOTIONS ARE:
1.Happiness: Happiness is an enjoyable mental state marked by feelings of joy, contentment, fulfillment, pleasure, and well-being. When we are happy we take correct decisions in our life.
2.Sadness: It is the emotion when we don’t feel good. Grief, disappointment, disinterest, hopelessness, and a depressed mood are all common symptoms.
3.Fear: When you have fear of something at that time your heartbeat increases, you sweat a lot, you start panicking. If you are afraid of something then you can’t achieve anything in your life, as then you will not initiate in taking the steps forward to something.
4.Surprised: When you don’t expect something to happen but that happens the reaction given by you is known as a surprising reaction. There can be a pleasant surprise or an unpleasant surprise.
5. Anger: When things happen against your wish or when somebody doesn’t listen to you. When you are angry, you start hitting objects at times, frown at other people.
6.Disgust: It is the feeling when you don’t like something or something is unpleasant. When you find something disgusting you tend to move away from those things by making faces.
STEPS TO CONTROL EMOTIONS:
Don’t give immediate reactions: Do not react immediately, as when you are filled with some kind of emotion you tend to make wrong decisions on which you will regret later on. just leave that place by saying will reply to you later on, or breathe deeply for 4-5 minutes.
Take guidance: Whenever you are filled with emotions and don’t know what to do, the best thing to do at that time is to take help from someone who can be your friend, family, or teacher.
Search for a safe outlet: Emotions should never be kept under control that is you should always find a healthy way of letting out your emotions. Meet your best friend or other trusted person by you. Else you can meditate also or do activities in which you have an interest.
Try to see another side: Whatever happens in your life whether good or bad, try to see another side of it, might be something good is hidden on the other side of it. Always keep a positive mindset that everything happens for good only.
Take your time: Keep yourself distant from all the feelings and thoughts. Identify your emotions and think of the outcomes of those emotions. Go for a walk, pamper yourself.
THANK YOU
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DEHYDRATION: When there is a deficiency of water in your body dehydration occurs. Due to lack of water and other important fluids, our body can’t function normally. You can become dehydrated if you do not restore missing fluids.
CAUSES OF DEHYDRATION:
The most common cause of dehydration is a lack of water intake, excessive water loss, or a combination of the two.
Sometimes we do not drink water since we are too busy, lack the facilities or power to drink, or live in an environment without potable water.
1. Diarrhea– The large intestine retains water from food particles, but diarrhea avoids this. Dehydration occurs when the body excretes too much water.
2. Vomiting– causes fluid depletion and makes drinking water impossible to replace.
3. Sweating– In summers we sweat a lot due to hot weather. We lose water from our bodies in the form of sweat. When we are doing exercise or having a fever at that time also everyone sweats a lot.
4. Urinating frequently- People who have diabetes urinate a lot. Also, people who are on medication urinate frequently due to some medicines.
5. Burns– Damage to veins and arteries can cause fluid to leak into the surrounding tissues.
6. Diabetes– Excessive urination and fluid loss are caused by elevated blood sugar levels.
STEPS TO PREVENT DEHYDRATION:
a. As advised by your doctor, drink plenty of water.
b. Consume foods that are high in water, such as fruits and vegetables.
c. Caffeine-containing beverages such as coffee, teas, and soft drinks should be avoided or restricted.
d. Drinks containing alcohol should be avoided or restricted.
e. Drink more water when you are sick.
f. When extra electrolytes are needed, take them in.
g. Try not to step out during the afternoon
BEST FOOD FOR SUMMERS:
1. Melons
2. Salads
3. Ice tea/ Cold coffee
4. Berries
5.Fresh Juice
6. Avocado
7. Drink Smoothies
8. Bottle Gourd
9. Yogurt
10. Sweet Potatoes
Thank you.
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ADVERTISING: It is a type of paid communication that is intended to convince or persuade people to buy or try something. It helps in creating awareness in the market. Through advertisements, we can inform people what new products or services are introduced in the market and what features and advantages those products and services are having.
Companies can persuade customers through advertisements. Advertising is a type of one-way communication in which brands interact with customers through various mediums. Advertising may be non-personal, such as on television, radio, or in newspapers, or extremely personal, such as on social media.
TYPES OF ADVERTISING:
1) Social Media Advertising
2) Pay Per Click Advertising
3) Mobile Advertising
4) Print Advertising
5) Broadcast Advertising
6) Outdoor advertising
7) Email Advertising
ADVANTAGES OF ADVERTISING:
1) Attracts new customers: As advertisements are shown on a large platform, so different people will be seeing it and might get attracted to it, and like this, along with existing customers new customers will also be added.
2) Market Expansion: It helps in expanding markets, as now manufacturers will be able to display their products globally. They will be able to reach remote places also, which was not possible previously.
3) Educating customers: If customers will get all information by looking at the advertisement of a particular product then they feel confident while buying that product. All the information related to the use, benefits and, price of the product can be shown in the advertisement.
4) Better quality products: Goods are advertised under their brand names. Customers trust branded products, so to increase sales manufacturers will produce quality products to win customers’ confidence.
5) Fighting Competition: If an advertisement will be shown creatively and attractively, then people will be attracted to it and buy more of it. Continuous display of advertisement helps in reminding customers continuously that this product is best.
6) Employment generation: As advertisement will increase the sales and turnover of the company, then the company will produce on large scale thus employing many people.
7)Elimination of middlemen: Advertising raises awareness and offers knowledge about the effectiveness of products and services. So, retailers place direct orders for consumer products. As a result, advertising cuts out the middleman and serves as a suitable replacement for the traveling salesman.
Thank you.
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COMMUNICATION:
Communication is the process of exchanging information, facts, ideas, and understanding from one person to another. The word communication is derived from the Latin word “communis” which means to share.
It is a two-way process.
Communication is required at all levels of management, and by all people.
FEATURES OF COMMUNICATION:
1.Feedback is essential to communication. Success or failure is decided by the feedback. Feedback enables us to know whether the message sent by the receiver is understood in the same sense as send by the sender.
2. It is an ongoing process required at all levels of management and in all kinds of organizations.
3.It consists not only of facts but ideas and emotions too that can happen through signs, symbols, and gestures.
4.It is a dynamic process.
5.It is a goal-oriented process.
6. It is an interdisciplinary science that is derived from several sciences.
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION:
a. Sender: The sender is the one who develops the idea and initiates the process of communication.
b.Message: It means the information, content, facts, etc that has to be transmitted. This is the main purpose why the communication process is initiated.
c.Encode: Sender determines the method of transmission that is it is to be sent in the way of symbols, charts, or words.
d.Media: The sender chooses the channel through which the message can be transmitted. The media can be a fax, email, internet, telephone, etc.
e. Decoding: It is the process of converting the message into an understandable form. The sender wants the receiver to understand the message exactly as intended.
f. Receiver- The receiver is the one to whom the message is sent. Once the message is received by the receiver and he understands as intended by the receiver then only the purpose of the whole communication process is fulfilled.
g. Feedback: It is the process of giving a response to the message as sent by the sender. It is the most important step in the process of communication.
h. Noise- It refers to the barrier in the process of communication. It is the reason for communication failure. For example, a music system playing in the background when two people are interacting over a phone call.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION:
It depends on three things-
A. Understandable messages
B. Credibility of the sender
C. How the message is affecting the receive
Thank You.
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POLLUTION
Any material that harms the atmosphere or the species that exist in that environment is referred to as “pollution” and the harmful material is known as a pollutant. Pollutants create havoc on the environment, including the air, water, and soil.
MAJOR TYPES OF POLLUTION:
1) Air pollution
2) Water pollution
3) Noise pollution
4) Land pollution
5) Soil pollution
6) Plastic pollution
7) Thermal pollution and the list goes on.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Environmental pollution occurs when there is an unfavorable shift in the environment that harms plants and animals. Harmful substances are released into the environment such as water bodies, soil, or air.
Environmental pollution can lead to serious health issues such as:
1) Respiratory disease
2) Different allergies
3) Mental disorders
4) Cancer
5) Cholera
6) Stroke
7) Asthma
CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Due to industrialization, urbanization there has been a rise in environmental pollution. One more important factor contributing to environmental pollution is an increase in population.
Environmental pollution is generally of 5 types namely; air, water, soil, and noise pollution.
1) AIR POLLUTION– It is a widely spreading and major issue today. Due to industrialization, many industries are being set up and they emit smoke, fumes in large amounts through their chimneys. Smoke from automobiles, all this smoke gets to mix with the air and pollute the air that we breathe. Hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide are among the hazardous gases and particulates contained in car exhaust fumes. These gases rise into the atmosphere, where they combine with other gases to produce even more poisonous gases. These poisonous gases harm the organisms, flora, and fauna. The dry leaves, wood, dry garbage are mostly burned in the villages while cooking food also produces air pollution.
MAIN SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION ARE:
a.Industries
b. Garbage burning
c. biomass burning
d. automobile
Example: You must have seen that the farmers of U.P and Haryana burn Paddy(residue called parali)which causes air pollution.
2) WATER POLLUTION: The most threatening environmental problem is water pollution. Industrial waste and sewage water is not treated properly before discharging into water bodies. Agricultural activities making use of fertilizers and pesticides are carried to the groundwater by rainwater. Solid waste is also dumped directly into the water bodies.
MAIN SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION ARE:
a. Industrial waste
b. Untreated sewage
c. Pesticides and herbicides
d. Oil spills
3) SOIL POLLUTION: The degradation of land as a result of human activities and the mismanagement of land resources is referred to as land pollution. This happens when humans use pesticides and herbicides on the soil. Also, when pollutants from other degraded lands are transported to the soil of other areas through rain and floods. Hospitals do not dispose of their biomedical waste properly like used syringes, tools, etc.
MAIN SOURCES OF LAND POLLUTION ARE:
a. Chemical fertilizers
b. Biomedical waste
c. Garbage dumping
d. Use of plastics
4)Noise pollution: Noise is created by factories, household activities, and automobiles. Noise pollution is rising due to the rise in pollution, urbanization. It can impact the human body in a very severe way; it can lead to stress and anxiety, insomnia, etc.
MAJOR SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION ARE:
a. Automobile noise
b. Factories machines noise
c. Loud music at parties
d. Drilling the ground noise
WAYS TO REDUCE POLLUTION
a. Say no to plastic bags
b. Use public transport
c. Say no to crackers
d. Do not burn dry waste
e. Practice principle of 3R’s
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Vocabulary: It can also be called a stock of words. It is a set of commonly used words in a person’s language. In short, it is known as Vocab. A vocabulary is a valuable and essential tool for communication and information acquisition that is typically acquired as people grow older.
Vocabulary can be divided into two types:
a) Active Vocabulary– Words that are used in daily life by us.
b) Passive Vocabulary- Words that are hardly used by us in daily life, but we know the meaning of those words.
TYPES OF VOCABULARY:
A) Listening Vocabulary: Words that we learn when we hear them from other people. The more we communicate the more we will learn new words. It is a continuous process. We start learning new words from our childhood.
B) Speaking Vocabulary– Words used by us while speaking or having a conversation with someone. Till the time we reach adulthood, we will be able to understand and acknowledge around 50,000 words.
C) Reading Vocabulary– The words that we learn and come across while reading any book, newspaper, or material. Even though we will not use those words but we will become familiar with those words. It is the second-largest vocabulary.
D) Writing Vocabulary- The words we use while writing our answers, conversation. Though, it is easier to express our thoughts in oral communication.
WAYS TO BUILD OUR VOCABULARY:
a. Reading habit– Develop a reading habit. even if you will read two pages daily you will come across new words. While reading note down the new words somewhere and read them again daily and try to use them daily in your daily life.
b. One word every day– Even if you are busy in your day-to-day work, take out some time and learn one word every day, the meaning of that word, synonyms of that word. This practice will help you in learning so many words that you can’t even imagine. You will build a great vocabulary with this practice.
c. Writing– Keep one notebook with yourself, as soon as you come across any new word, jot it down, and whenever you are free find the meaning of that word. It will also help you in improving your handwriting.
d. Play word board games- There are many board games in the market, which are specially built for improving your vocabulary. You can remember playing some of these games as a kid, so just get those out and get to “work.”
e. Listening to music– A fun way to learn new words is to start listening to music. Listen for words you hear in music from your favorite category.
f. Watching movies and television– Watch English shows and movies in which you have an interest. You will have a double benefit from this that while learning new words you will also know how words are pronounced.
g. Conversing– Start conversing in English with your friend and family and try to use new words. Learn from your mates while they converse with you.
h. Apps– Download the app from the play store, nowadays there are many apps available. Play quizzes on them, learn new words from them.
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ANXIETY: It is a mental health condition characterized by intense feelings of concern, anxiety, or fear that interferes with everyday activities. It is a Body’s response in a very natural way to stress.
One feels scared as to what is about to come their way in the future. Anxiety can sometimes give you an energy boost or help you concentrate. However, for those who suffer from anxiety disorders, the fear is intense and can be overwhelming. Everybody can feel anxious or can be scared at some or other points of their life.
Anxiety can last minutes, hours, days, or even weeks.
SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETY
a. tense feelings of risk, fear, or dread nervousness, restlessness
b. Trembling
c. Insomnia
d. Intense worrying
e. Nausea
EXAMPLE: One may feel anxious when it is his/ her first day at the job, or a student may feel anxious before their test.
WAYS TO COPE WITH ANXIETY
a. Self-pampering– Take out some time for yourself, listen to some good music, dance, get a massage, do whatever you like, and enjoy.
b. Healthy food- Have a balanced diet. Do not skip your meals. Include green vegetables and fruits in your diet. Have protein in your diet.
c. Exercise daily– Often, exercise to ensure that oxygen reaches every cell in the body, allowing your brain and body to function at their fullest.
d. Talk to others– Spend time with family or friends. As when you are engaged in some other activities your mind doesn’t go towards negativity. Talking to other people will bring positivity and happiness in your life.
e. Positive attitude– Read positive quotes daily. Stay away from negative thoughts. Surround yourself with people from whom you get positive vibes.
f. Meditation– Do meditation for at least 15-20 minutes daily. Close your eyes and inhale and exhale slowly. Do not think about anything while meditating.
g. Proper sleep– Your body needs proper rest, lethargic body can’t function well. Get proper sleep of 7-8 hours daily.
h. Aromatherapy– Scents like lavender, chamomile, and sandalwood, whether in oil, incense, or a candle, can be very relaxing.
i. Writing– Write down those things which make you feel anxious, or write down your negative thoughts. Once you will write those thoughts, all negativity will go from your brain now.
j. Vacation– If you can go on a short trip. Plan short trips with your friends and family. A change of location will help your mind to relax.
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POLLUTION
Any material that harms the atmosphere or the species that exist in that environment is referred to as “pollution” and the harmful material is known as a pollutant. Pollutants create havoc on the environment, including the air, water, and soil.
MAJOR TYPES OF POLLUTION:
1) Air pollution
2) Water pollution
3) Noise pollution
4) Land pollution
5) Soil pollution
6) Plastic pollution
7) Thermal pollution and the list goes on.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Environmental pollution occurs when there is an unfavorable shift in the environment that harms plants and animals. Harmful substances are released into the environment such as water bodies, soil, or air.
Environmental pollution can lead to serious health issues such as:
1) Respiratory disease
2) Different allergies
3) Mental disorders
4) Cancer
5) Cholera
6) Stroke
7) Asthma
CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Due to industrialization, urbanization there has been a rise in environmental pollution. One more important factor contributing to environmental pollution is an increase in population.
Environmental pollution is generally of 5 types namely; air, water, soil, and noise pollution.
1) AIR POLLUTION– It is a widely spreading and major issue today. Due to industrialization, many industries are being set up and they emit smoke, fumes in large amounts through their chimneys. Smoke from automobiles, all this smoke gets to mix with the air and pollute the air that we breathe. Hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide are among the hazardous gases and particulates contained in car exhaust fumes. These gases rise into the atmosphere, where they combine with other gases to produce even more poisonous gases. These poisonous gases harm the organisms, flora, and fauna. The dry leaves, wood, dry garbage are mostly burned in the villages while cooking food also produces air pollution.
MAIN SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION ARE:
a.Industries
b. Garbage burning
c. biomass burning
d. automobile
Example: You must have seen that the farmers of U.P and Haryana burn Paddy(residue called parali)which causes air pollution.
2) WATER POLLUTION: The most threatening environmental problem is water pollution. Industrial waste and sewage water is not treated properly before discharging into water bodies. Agricultural activities making use of fertilizers and pesticides are carried to the groundwater by rainwater. Solid waste is also dumped directly into the water bodies.
MAIN SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION ARE:
a. Industrial waste
b. Untreated sewage
c. Pesticides and herbicides
d. Oil spills
3) SOIL POLLUTION: The degradation of land as a result of human activities and the mismanagement of land resources is referred to as land pollution. This happens when humans use pesticides and herbicides on the soil. Also, when pollutants from other degraded lands are transported to the soil of other areas through rain and floods. Hospitals do not dispose of their biomedical waste properly like used syringes, tools, etc.
MAIN SOURCES OF LAND POLLUTION ARE:
a. Chemical fertilizers
b. Biomedical waste
c. Garbage dumping
d. Use of plastics
4)Noise pollution: Noise is created by factories, household activities, and automobiles. Noise pollution is rising due to the rise in pollution, urbanization. It can impact the human body in a very severe way; it can lead to stress and anxiety, insomnia, etc.
MAJOR SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION ARE:
a. Automobile noise
b. Factories machines noise
c. Loud music at parties
d. Drilling the ground noise
WAYS TO REDUCE POLLUTION
a. Say no to plastic bags
b. Use public transport
c. Say no to crackers
d. Do not burn dry waste
e. Practice principle of 3R’s
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FORMAL LETTERS
Professionally written letters are known as formal letters. These letters are written in a formal tone and adhere to a specific format. There are some pre-defined set of rules that people follow while writing these letters. Information in these kinds of letters is to point. These letters are written to the head of a department, principal of school or college, company’s manager.
Reasons for writing a formal letter can be the following:
Application for sick leave
Job offer letters
Complaint letters
Appointment letters
Circular letter
FORMAT OF FORMAL LETTER
Sender’s Address
The sender’s address is written on the top left-hand corner of a page. The address should be written correctly, then only the receiver of the letter will be able to get in touch with you in case they want to.
Date
Just below the sender’s address, a date has to be written. Do not use abbreviations for writing the month. Since formal letters may be used as a potential record, it is critical to include a date.
Receiver’s Address
Below the date, write the address of the person to whom you are writing the letter. Also, make sure to write the receiver’s official title/name/position, and so on.
Greetings/ Salutation
Skip one line and then start with your greeting. Generally used salutations are “Sir” or ” Madam”. Always remember in these letters you don’t address the person with his/her first name. Full name should be used. If you know the recipient’s name then use ”Mrs. Abc” or ” Mr. Abc”. If you don’t know the recipient’s gender, in such a case use their job title followed by the recipient’s name.
Subject
It is written just below the greetings, on the center of the page. It helps the receiver to know what the letter is all about. Generally, it is of one line.
Body
Now, comes the main content of the letter. Here, you state what is the purpose of writing the letter. Use only professional language. Keep your sentences short, clear, and brief enough that you can convey the message to the other person. Information stated here should be to the point. The body generally consists of 3 parts:
1) Introductory part
2) Middle part that is; where you describe your purpose of writing the letter. Support the purpose with some facts.
3) Conclusion: here, you write about what do you expect from the other person, the actions you expect from the other person.
Closing of letter
Here we do the closing of the letter by using some specific words, like ” yours faithfully” or ” yours sincerely”. The first letter of the closing should be capitalized and put a comma there.
Signature
Sign your full name. Just below your Signature, write your full name in the block letters in the bracket. It is done so that the recipient can know who is sending the letter.
Enclosures
It is used when you have attached some document such as a resume with your letter then this can be shown by writing enclosures below the closing. In case, one has enclosed many documents in such a case one can list the name, so that receiver is aware of what all are documents are enclosed by you.