[GODHULI]

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Verb:

Any action/activity/performing task is put into words in a sentence with the help of verbs. It simply means an action being conducted, or a condition itself.

Verbs are the main component of English sentences. They are the integral parts without which a complete sentence cannot be formed.

Examples:

1. I am walking down the old country road.

Here, the word walking is the performing element or the indication of action. Hence, it is the verb. It is the main thing around which the whole meaning of the sentence is being conducted.

2. I am a girl.

Here, in this sentence, there is no action that is being conducted. But there is an element that is detecting the condition: ‘am’. Thus, the verb acts as the skeletal part here too.

Forms of a verb:

1. Base form:

2. Infinitive

3. Past tense

4. Past participle

5. Present participle

6. Gerund

Types of Verbs

1. Finite

When we say that verb is the main component or core of a sentence we meant to indicate this verbs. The formation of the verb is such that refers to a subject. Not only that it is bound to use one of the twelve forms of tense. It also can change according to the number/person of the subject.

For example, Sheetal went to the flea market.

2. Non-finite

These are the verbs that name the action. It is more like nouns or adverbs. They are not liable to change according to the number/person, unlike the finite verbs.

For example,

Swimming is a healthy exercise.

3. Action Verbs

These words are simple elements in the sentences that directly mean any activity.

There are two types of action verbs:

a) Transitive: These state the action with respect to a particular object.

For example, She is reading her favorite book.

b)Intransitive: The action is not in direct relation to the object of the sentence.

For example, I slept at 5 pm.

4. Linking Verbs

It establishes a connection between the subject and the rest of the sentence(except the verb)

For example,

He is ready for his next football match.

5. Auxillary Verb

These verbs mainly help the actual/main verb of the sentence.

For example,

Do you like coffee?

6. Modal Verbs

It is a type of auxiliary verb. It mainly shows possibility, potentiality, permission, expectation, etc.

For example,

He should go there.

[GODHULI]

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SMOG:

The condition of smog is gradually spreading all over the country now. It is no different from a pollution condition. If you break the name smog, you will get two words which are: smoke and fog. Thus, if we make a simple definition then smog is simply smoke mixed with fog. Here, in this condition, the smog is much more dense, heavy. The chemical interference makes it so much more toxic.

A long time ago, around 1900, Londo faced one such condition when the whole city got wrapped in the dangerous smog condition. Later, the scientists coined this condition to be a “smog”.

Formation:

Smog is created when multiple chemical reactions take place in the air.

Much of the volatile components are involved here. The compounds that are involved in the process, generally come from automobiles, power plants, factories. Not only that chemicals are also involved in day-to-day activities. Plastic products when burnt they release a chemical substance that creates toxic clouds. But majorly the cause of fog is due to the automobile activities only.

Another factor that affects the formation, is the weather condition of the surrounding. The temperature plays a vital role. Whenever there is a rise in temperature in the condition of the weather, the smog increases as well. Therefore, on a hot sunny day, the smog increases further.

Also, the smog becomes dense and static whenever the warm air gets collected on the lower surface. It creates an unmovable layer that keeps the city gloomy for a long time.

Effects:

1. It causes bronchitis, lung cancer, and other lung diseases in the people leaving in the city.

2. The ozone layer is depleted. This limits the UV radiation too.

3. The amount of Vitamin D received is much low. This results in weakening bone density in children

4. Pneumonia is also a common effect.

5. Restricts the long growth of the plants and crops.

6. Reduces visibility.

[GODHULI]

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Ozone:

The ozone layer is the layer present in the stratosphere. It is also known as the ozonosphere. This layer is extremely important for the earth as it helps in blocking all harmful solar radiation to reach the earth. Ultimately shielding the earth against dangerous UV rays.

Now ozone is produced by the process of photodissociation when the singular atomic release of oxygen molecule happens and that singular atom joins an O2 molecule. Now it is also evident that the amount of ozone production varies every year. But now the scenario has become such that the ozone layer has slowly started its depletion.

So, let’s discuss more that

Ozone Depletion

So what exactly is Ozone Depletion?

The ozone layer over the year is becoming thinner and thinner. This is ozone depletion. It is happening that due to increasing technologies and modernizing of societies, factories, industries are increasing. For this, the chemical release after the industrial process is also increasing. Chlorine and Bromine are two elements that are pollutants that are actively destroying the state of ozone. It is also taken into account that the process of depletion is particularly more in the polar regions i.e. in the extreme of the earth.

The harmful effects of ozone depletion:

1. Air quality may decline

a. The excessive UV rays form smog that clutters the air around the city making it extremely dense

b. Increases ground-level ozone that too for a large area.

c. As a whole the weather is completely and fully changing every year.

2. Aquatic ecosystem is also affected

a. Low production of phytoplankton

b. Oceans get warmed up in the upper half and the nutrients from the bottom don’t get transported upwards

3. Human health has suffered too

a. Unnecessary tanning of skin

b. The skin is exposed to UV radiation that damages the inside.

[GODHULI]

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A superscript is a numerical symbol/alphabetical figure. These are not placed along with other numbers, letters, or symbols. These are placed slightly above the alignment line. When you see some numbers/digits at the top right portion of another letter/digit/word then we know it is a superscript.

The superscript has certain uses. It is used to add trademark, copyright symbols. This is generally the case when you want to use superscript on text objects. The superscript symbol is placed slightly above the line.

A similar process is undertaken by the numbers as well. For example, when we write powers for a certain number we find a digit on the top right corner of a number. Hence, it has its uses in both numbers and letters.

For writing superscript, one can simply do this step:

Pressing Ctrl, Shift, and the Plus[+] sign at the same time.

However, in MS word and google documents document you can directly write a superscript by choosing the desired option.

A superscript looks like this: 2<sup style=”font-family: inherit;”>5</sup>

A Subscript is also a similar numerical symbol/alphabetical figure. These are not placed along with other numbers, letters, or symbols. These are placed slightly below the alignment line. They are under the baseline. When you see some numbers/digits at the bottom of another letter/digit/word then we know it is a subscript.

The subscript has uses of its own. It is used in writing chemical formulas and chemical expressions in chemistry.

A similar process is approached by the numbers as well. For example, they are used in percentages and denominators, and other fractional stuff. However, the use is much more limited in comparison to superscripts.

For writing subscript, one can simply do this step:

Pressing Ctrl and the Equal sign (=) at the same time will do the job.

A subscript looks like this: N<sub style=”font-family: inherit;”>2</sub>

[GODHULI]

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To understand this, we have to understand their nature first.

The insects, bugs are the unwanted creatures that infiltrate our homes. They are not so dangerous or harmful as a big carnivore for sure, but they are stinky, gross, and dirty at t most of the time. Not to mention they are extremely infectious. Hence, the easier thing to do is to keep them away as much as we can.

Now it is widely observed that the infiltration becomes maximum in the summer seasons.

The answer is simple: temperature.

There are many kinds of research and studies that are done by scientists. Here, it was also understood that insects have an ”optimum temperature”. In that particular temperature, the growth of them exceeds extremely.

It’s like the that whenever the temperature of the surrounding rises above this certain given temperature, the population of the insects grow rapidly.

With the descend of winter, and the coming of spring, The temperature started increasing distinctly. In this condition, the bugs reach their optimum temperatures. Thus the number of bugs in a particular area grows super fast henceforth.

However, contrasting to this, a low-temperature threshold also exists that kills the growth rate of the insects. It is calculated to be approximately 59°F.

Scientifically, bugs like spiders and other insects are ectothermic. This means that they accumulate heat from the surroundings. Not only that they reflect the same surrounding temperature conditions in which they live. Hence, they will always try to restore their original optimum temperature conditions. So according to the surrounding temperature they decide to come out or stay in their holes. Obviously, in summer their temperature exceeds far more than the optimum temperature. Hence, they come indoors to restore all of that. That is the reason why we see that there are too many insects in our houses in summer.

[GODHULI]

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Reflection:

Reflection is simply defined as the sudden change in the path or direction of propagation of a wave from one medium to another when the boundary in between is struck. The wave doesn’t get altered as it is obstructed by the boundary of the medium. The process of regular reflection takes place only at plane boundaries. The wave line that strikes the initial surface is known as the incident ray, and the one that forms when it is reflected by the boundary is known as the reflected ray. The angle between the incident ray and the perpendicular at the point of incidence is known as the angle of incidence. And the angle formed between the reflected ray and perpendicular at the point of incidence is known as the angle of reflection. When the wave strikes the surface of the boundary, a fraction of energy that comes along with it is also reflected. That is known as the reflectivity of surface material.

Refraction:

Refraction on the other hand is defined as the shift in direction of any wave that passed to a different medium from the initial created by its change in speed of the wave. To understand this better we can take the examples It is true that the speed of sound waves is more in hot conditions than in cold conditions. Another practical example is that air is cooled at the surface of a lake during the night times. Therefore, all sound waves which tend to move upward are directly refracted down by the warm air at the top near the lake. So, we hear louder voices around the sea at night than day/

Law of reflection: θi = θr

(Let’s consider that the incident ray makes an angle θi with the normal of a plane tangent to the boundary.

And similarly, the reflected ray makes an angle θr with this normal of a plane tangent to the boundary. Both are on the same plane)

Law of refraction: nisinθi = ntsinθt.

(Let’s consider that the incident ray makes an angle θi with the normal of a plane tangent to the boundary.

And similarly, the refracted ray makes an angle θt with this normal of a plane( in the other medium) tangent to the boundary and ni and nt are the refractive index of each medium respectively)

[GODHULI]

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William Gilbert invented the first electroscope in 1600. An electroscope is defined as an experimental device that serves us to detect the presence of an electric charge in any object.

The electroscope is responsible for detecting charges through Coulomb’s electrostatic laws. This is solely responsible for detecting the charge and not measuring it.

Construction of Electroscope:

An electroscope consists mainly of a detector knob which is made up of metal. The knob is connected to a tiny pair of metal leaves. These are placed nearly at the bottom part of the connecting rod. When no charge is present the metal leaves are relaxed and they stay there facing downward.

These metal leaves display whether there is any charge or not.

Working of Electroscope

Now let us discuss the working of an electroscope. The idea behind this the working is based on a few basic chemical properties of elements ie. the atomic structure and metallic structure, induced charges, and the basic law of attraction and repulsion.

If you see that the leaves are separated and open:

This means that there is some type of charges in both plates of the leaves. from here it can be concluded that on detecting positive charge, the leaves spread open as the electrons present in the metal of the device are attracted to the same, creating a temporary illusion of positive charge. Hence this condition is when there is a positive charge.

A similar thing happens when there is a negative charge as well.

There is again a similar transform of electrons into the metal of the leaves. This leaves thus again gain a temporary negative charge. As like charges repel the plate of the leaves get separated again.

As soon as the charge source is removed, the leaves no longer remain separated and they move to their initial relaxed position.

From this explanation, it is quite clear that in no way an electroscope can define what kind of charge is acting upon it. It simply determines whether the body placed is charged or uncharged. It does not detect whether it is positive or negative.