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DISCUSSING VARIOUS ELEMENTS/PARTS OF NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE
Biosphere: Biosphere is the layer that is holding and preserving the existence of the earth. This one is the one that is benefiting from all the layers ie the lithosphere, hydrosphere and, atmosphere.
Ecosystem: The living part of the biosphere and its survival essentials is known as the ecosystem.
Natural Vegetation: It is the provider of so many essential items. It provides us with raw materials to cook food, some edible food items, timber to built shelter, road, railway. It reserves the groundwater. It provides a habitat to live in.
Wildlife: Living creatures, including animals, birds, insects, fishes, and other aquatic elements are all necessary elements to keep the ecosystem balanced.
DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL VEGETATION
The prime factors are Temperature and moisture.
These two factors fix the arrangement/distribution of certain plant growth for any particular region. They determine the trees that can grow and the animal that can lives.
Humidity and precipitation play another important role too. Heavy rainfall indicates the higher growth of plants. Trees, under heavy rainfall conditions, grow thicker and longer.
While the heavy rainfall region has longer trees, the low or moderately low regions have a shorter tree that has shunted growth.
Types of Natural Vegetation in India
Tropical Evergreen Rain Forest
They have distinguishable characteristics that make them different from others. They have different shedding times of leaves from different types. Hence e, they remain heavy and green throughout the air. Condition: Excessive sunshine and rainfall.
Deciduous or Monsoon Type of Forests.
They have the same shedding time of leaves for all the trees present in that region. Hence, they remain heavy and green at one part of the year only.
Condition: moderate sunshine and rainfall
Mountain Forests
They are distinguishable for their specific structure of plantation. They are found in the hilly areas.
Condition: Hilly top, moderate rainfall.
Tidal or Mangrove Forests.
This vegetation covers all the parts that cover the coastal areas. They are good sources of timber in India
Condition: Heavy water access due to coastal presence and receive a good amount of sunlight.
Semi-Desert and Desert Vegetations
At last, there is the desert vegetation which is mostly characterized by its dry nature. The cactus is the famous plant of desert vegetation.
Condition: Poor rainfall
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Tantia Tope:
Ramchandra Panduranga was also known as Tantia Tope or as Tatya Tope. He was born in 1813–19. He was born in Pune. He was a popular leader of 1878.
He was a natural soldier and his form was better than anyone.
The Maratha Troops took him in. During the massacre of Nana Sahib in Kanpur; During November 1857, the Gwalior command was taken by him to give a better approach.
Rani Laxmi Bai took him under her authority after that and provided him shelter. Tantia Tope’s forces and militaries were broken up on June 19, but he never gave up on any harsh incidents or forces. He stayed in the jungle for a long time. But later he was cheated and betrayed in the year later. The brave man was executed at Shivpur.
Contribution of Tantia Tope towards India’s Independence Struggle
1. Tatya Tope took up the name ‘Tope’ as it means commanding officer. Tope also means canon.
2. Tope was an excellent fighter naturally. He wasn’t trained like others. But he was still the best at the art of guerrilla warfare.
3. He was important during the Kanpur rebellion.
4. He was known for his guerrilla tactics.
5. He formed alliances with Raja of Narwar, Man Singh.
6. Among the leaders of the Revolt of 1857 Tope was one of the bravest and efficient ones.
Tope has left an excellent example of bravery and courage in the history of rebellions in India.
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It is often wondered how airplanes stay in the air. Complicated it might sound to you. However, there are certain laws of physics that explain the particular perfectly.
The four main forces that on the airplane to keep it on air are:
gravityliftthrustdrag
Let’s break it down and understand each of these individually now.
1) GRAVITY
Gravity is the force by which everything including materials, objects planets, and another celestial body is pulled towards its center.
It is an absolute force that is applied to a body at any point of the earth(except vacuum).
Hence, the airplanes experience it too. The pulling force towards the center is applied to every airplane flying. It is nothing but the weight of the plane itself
2)LIFT
Now it is impossible for the airplane or any other object to remain suspended in the air when a force like gravity is pulling itself down.
To counterbalance the entire thing. The lift force acts. It directly opposes the force of gravity i.e. the weight of the plane and keeps it suspended in the air.
Now, the lift is not a natural force, hence it is put in action mechanically.
The wings of the airplane are shaped like that of the bird’s. The shape of the wings is an essential part of it. It is designed particularly such the lower part is flat and the top part is curved. The shape is such that the air which is on top of the wings is pushed faster and the layer beneath. Thus fast-moving air decreases the pressure around automatically. This directly creates a major pressure difference on the wings, keeping them floated.
3) THRUST
To define it simply, thrust is the force applied when we push something or someone in a certain forward direction.
So, the idea is simple here too. The thrust pushes the plane forward. There is no need to wonder how it happens. So let’s understand that quickly. The thrust is created by the jet engines placed in the airplane.
How it does that?
Firstly, it takes in all the air, squeezing it perfectly. With that, it burns the fuel and on the side, it is exhausted. Thus phenomenon is directly involved in moving the plane forward, hence creating the necessary thrust.
4) DRAG
This basically holds the plane or restricts the forward movement.
This is not generated from one part or other. It is generated from each and every part of the plane. Hence the motion of the plane is maintained when it balances the thrust.
All of these together follow Newton’s third law of motion, where for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Hence, by the laws of physics and the phenomenon of nature, the airplane manages to stay in the air.
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FORMATION OF CLOUDS:
To understand the formation we must first understand what are clouds. They are basically a collection of water vapor or water droplets in the air.
Water vapor is present all over the air. This water vapor is collected in the air whenever there is evaporation by the sun from the water bodies. At the point of evaporation, they remain at the same temperature as that of the lake/water body. But when it started rising up, it becomes cooler and cooler. After rising through certain degrees of altitude the water vapor condenses itself into droplets. These droplets generally appear collectively and look like white lumpy, mesh pieces or clouds.
How does it rain?
Rain is a form of precipitation as we all know it to be.
In the atmosphere when the clouds formed reach high enough to the frosting point, the clouds stop moving any further. Now as it stops rising, it is further joined by other dew drops present in the air. This makes the cloud heavier and bulkier. Soon, many more such droplets and moisture particles join the lot as well. As a whole, the cloud becomes denser too.
But when these clouds collide or become too denser/saturated they started shredding down in the form of precipitation.
When precipitation occurs as falling of tiny water droplets we call it rain.
What is the importance of rain?
Few benefits of raining is listed below:
-The amount of water that is lost, wasted, and used is covered up when it rains.
-The groundwater and freshwater level is balanced and restored through this.
-Plants make their food with the help of water. Hence showering rain is essential for plant life.
-Provides humidity.
-It is much better to use stored water in agriculture. Thus, it helps the farmers to grow the crops.
-Restores the oxygen level other elements too.
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To understand the difference between each of them, we just need to learn what are herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. That’s it.
Herbivores
All living animal which survives its life by consuming the only plant or plant-based item i.e. autotrophs is known as herbivores. They are distinguished from other animals as their digestive system is suitable only to digest plant and plant produces. For this reason, their mouths have teeth that are suitable for grinding those products. They have flat molars that help in chewing plants. It is a particular psychological adaptation that has been there generations after generations for a particular animal species.
For example,
There are koala bears, gorillas that are adapted to eat only leaves. Horses are there who only live on grasses and few other seeds. Small sea animals including crabs, snail, sea urchin, etc have only algae as food.
Carnivores
It is an entirely different animal species that is completely opposite to the herbivores. Any organism that lives its life by consuming only meat or animal flesh is termed a carnivore. Carnivores are one of the most dominating parts of the food chain. By nature, they are supposed to be fierce and violent creatures. They survive by killing another fellow organism which when they haunt is termed as prey. Their body is tuned in such a way that they cannot survive without meat. It is an essential requirement for them. For this reason, their features are developed too. They have sharp canines to tear meat.
For example,
Especially mammals fall under this category. This includes lion, tiger, leopard cheetah, etc. They hunt animals in the forest and fulfill their dietary needs.
Omnivores
Omnivores are those organisms that have no restrictions. This simply means they can have both plants and meats to satisfy their dietary needs. There are different categories of omnivores. Some are no different from the carnivores, they consume meat in similar ways. Some are known as scavengers. They survive by eating dead meat, i.e. dead animals. Also, there is another category that can survive just by pants or animal products. Thus, they can extract energy from all sources.
The animals falling under these categories are badgers, bears, pigs, dogs, squirrels, etc, and of course, humans.
Scavengers like a vulture, hyena, raccoon, jackals are the consumer of dead meats.
Thus, from this, we can clearly understand that what differentiates each category from the other.
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The term eclipse is defined as a situation that arises in outer space when one celestial body tends to cover fully or partially another celestial body. That is if one astronomical object comes under the shadow of another astrological object then that whole scenario is known as an eclipse.
As we have known, Sun and Moon are the two Astro bodies that are visible quite clearly from the earth. Hence, if by any means the display of those two as viewed from the earth is changed, we will know it for sure.
There are two eclipses:
Lunar Eclipse:
As we all know that the moon itself does not have any lights of its own. The light is borrowed from the sun’s light rays. This means that the moon is visible to the living organisms on earth by the sun’s light which is reflected from its surface.
However, if the sun’s light rays are blocked or to say it more simply if the earth’s shadow covers up the sun’s light, then Lunar Eclipse occurs.
Although some more conditions give a perfect lunar eclipse :
Firstly, the event takes place only on a full moonThe alignment of the moon, earth, and sun should be the same. i.e., they must fall in a straight line.
Working of the eclipse:
The moon, earth, and sun are in a straight line, in the same order. Therefore the shadow cast by the earth ie. the umbra and the penumbra fall on the moon. When the moon passes through these shadows, first through penumbra then through the umbra. As soon as the moon reaches the umbra position, an entire lunar eclipse is created, as seen from the surface of the earth.
2.Solar eclipse:
When we talk about celestial bodies having their own light or not, we should understand that none of the planets and their natural satellites have their own light source. Hence, the sun is the only star that is providing to all planets and satellites, including earth.
The Solar Eclipse is somewhat similar to Lunar Eclipse as well. Whenever the moon travels between the sun and the earth, such that the sun’s light rays are blocked, and a ring is formed around the blocking area. The event is known as the solar eclipse.
Additional condition for a proper solar eclipse:
The alignment of the moon, earth, and sun should be the same. i.e., they must fall in a straight line/near-straight-line format.
Working of the eclipse:
The earth, moon and, sun are in a straight line, in the same order. The size of the moon is much smaller compared to that of the sun. The illusion is created when the moons fall into the small with the earth and sun. In this manner, almost entire sun rays are blocked. Due to the size, the moon cannot cover the whole sun, Hence the light rays are seen to shine around the blocked surface in the shape of a circular ring. Hence, a Solar eclipse is formed.
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Volcanoes or volcanic eruptions are nothing but sudden opening of the crusts of any planet or celestial body and bursting/venting out of hot molten lava directly from the deep core. The occurrence of volcanoes is often calculated but mostly are sudden. The disaster causes a violent release of inside matter that is stored in the core. That molten lava or magma includes rocks, hot gases, vapors and, burning heat. The release is hot and spreads quickly enough. The eruption doesn’t need to take place from the top peak. The process can take place through all the surfaces of the particular peak. The settlement of this molten lava over time makes it more stable. Hence, volcanic mountains are formed.
Volcanoes can be one of the deadliest natural disasters that can damage thousands and lakhs of lives and their habitats.
FORMATION:
The presence of tectonic plates is known to all. Tectonics plates are floating plates or pieces that constitute the earth’s crust. These plates are in slow continuous motion always. Due to the movement, sometimes they get pushed harder. Thus, the mantle, ie. the layer beneath, is often pushed in turn. A disturbance is encountered hence. The disturbance in turn creates the pressure difference. This pressure difference results in melting down and venting out the hot mantle directly from the core. Thus, initiating a volcanic eruption.
Not only the pushing and colliding, but the separation of two tectonic plates can also result in creating some additional openings in the earth’s crusts. Naturally, when a gap is encountered, the layer inside and in between tends to rise. Thus, the molten rocks and magma erupt, resulting in forming volcanic eruptions.
Last but not the least, apart from these actions of the tectonic plates, there are other ways where volcanoes can occur: the hotspot in the mantle. Hotspots regions are those where volcanic eruptions can occur irrespective of the movements of tectonic plates These are super hot areas that are always in the position to make an eruption.
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Respiration is the ultimate process through which living organisms provides their body with energy. It is a collection of biochemical reactions and metabolic processes that take place inside the body. The process of respiration is necessary to sustain life on earth. In simple terms, this can also be termed as breathing.
In the presence of oxygen, it is inhaled. When oxygen is taken in, it does not remain as it is. Through necessary reactions occurring inside the body, it is taken to every tissue and cell. Each and every cell undergoes a reaction to throw off carbon dioxide as their oxidation products.
However, in the absence of oxygen, different chemical processes undergo in the cell to give certain necessary particles.
There are two different types of respiration that are occurring in nature,
They are:
1.Aerobic Respiration
The kind of respiration which involves taking in oxygen is known as aerobic respiration. So what generally happens here is that the oxygen which is inhaled by the body is used as a standard energy source which is responsible for all type of bodily chemical reactions. The fats and sugars are all then converted and used.
All the cellular process works only because of the presence of oxygen as the ultimate resource. The cells produce ATP i.e. Adenosine Triphosphate. This ATP has the burden to carry out the chemical processes in the cell.
The steps of Aerobic Respiration :
a) Glycolysis
b) Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
c) Formation of Citric Acid Cycle
d) Oxidative phosphorylation
Anaerobic Respiration:
This kind of respiration involves taking no amount in. So what generally happens when there is no oxygen which is inhaled by the body?
Here in the place of oxygen, other elements such as sulfate, nitrate compounds are taken in by the body. This is necessary. This is so because the cell in our body needs the energy to work. It needs the energy to carry out the reactions occurring. In short, cellular respiration would come to a halt without this. In this kind of respiration, sugar is shredded and broken down to generate all the energy possible.
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Factors and Multiples are co-related terms. Yet they are quite different from each other.
So let’s start our discussion by going through each of the topics individually.
FACTORS:
Let there be a number a and another number b
Suppose, if a X b =c
Then a and b are the factors of c.
Thus any whole number(a) which when multiplied to another whole number(b) gives another whole number(c). Then the first two number is said to be the factor of the last whole number obtained.
So, factors of a particular number, are those numbers that divide the number exactly without leaving a remainder.
Now, the term “whole number” must be noted here. Factors are only the numbers in the number system which have no value after the decimal point. This is done to maintain a finite number of factors for a particular factor.
Other than the whole number, the negative integers of the number system can also be a factor of a particular number, known as the negative factors.
Similarly, while calculating factors of negative numbers we get factors that can be positive or negative.
Note: Every number has at least two factors: 1 and the number itself.
For example,
1. Taking a positive integer at first,
What are the factors 12?
The factor pairs of 12 are:
1 X 12 = 12
2 X 6 = 12
3 X 4 =12
Hence the there are total 6 factors of 12:
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
2. Now, Taking a negatve intiger, -8
The factor pairs of -8 are:
1 × -8 = -8
2 × -4 = -8
4 × -2 = -8
8 × -1 = -8
There are total 8 factors of 8, and they are : 1, 2, 4, 8, -1, -2, -4, -8
MULTIPLES:
Let, us take another example to understand this topic more clearly.
Let’s say we have a number a and number b,
so if b = a X n, where n = any whole number
Then b is known to be the multiple of a.
Coming to the definition now,
Any number when multiplied by another whole number, gives a product. That product is defined as the multiple of each of those numbers.
They are nothing, but product results. They form separate sets of numbers for any individual base number.
Technically negative multiples exist in mathematics too.
Note: Any individual integers can have an infinite number of multiples
Now take few examples,
1. List 5 multiples of 3
The list is as follows:
3 X 1 = 3
3 X 2= 6
3 X 3 = 9
3 X 4 =12
3 X 5 =15
So, any five multiples of three are listed as: 3, 6, 9,12,15
2. List 4 multiples of -4
-4 x 1 = -4
-4 x -1 = 4
-4 x 2 = -8
-4 X -2 =8
Four multiples of -4 are -4, 4, -8, 8
(we can generate negative multiples easily by multiplying the base number with any negative integers)
Thus, from all of this, it is quite clear that ‘factors’ and ‘multiples’ are two different types of numbers. But they are correlated to each other.
If we take a x b = c
Then we can say that a and b are factors of c
And c is a factor of and c is a factor of b.
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The environment has always offered enough resources for every living organism on the planet. There are divisions and specific jobs for everyone. And everyone is needed at times. The need of each individual component is necessary.
The environment is divided into two components,
biotic and abiotic components.
Let’s quickly get into every one of them.
1. Abiotic: The necessary components of nature that are not living are the abiotic components. They are the physical and chemical elements of nature. These include elements that are influencing every day whether quite efficiently.
These components affect the ecosystem directly. In fact, the climate faces the result pretty upfront.
For example, sunlight, wind, rain, etc., all are abiotic components.
The contribution of these factors is quite evident in nature.
If the sunlight is more, we feel hot. If it’s less, the weather seems gloomy. The fast windy days or wet humid weather, both create evident results. Therefore, we can say that these are the ultimate components that decide how the ecosystem looks and feels like.
Other examples are soil components. The complete area’s production depends on soil and elevation. Thus they also act as deciding factors to food consumed by the other half. This ultimately decides the type of people that are suitable to live in that particular ecosystem.
2. Biotic
Coming to the biotic elements now.
So what will happen to wind, water, and soil if there’s nothing to feel its effects. That’s where the biotic components come into play. The living part or once-living of the ecosystem is categorized as the biotic component of nature.
The biotic components are further divided into three main categories :
They are
a)producers or autotrophs: These resemble the group that is the maker of food for others and themselves. They are the most important component as without them there would have been nothing for the other part to extract their energy from.
Example: Plants
b)consumers or heterotrophs
This one includes organisms that are surviving in the environment by consuming other elements or by taking food from the autotrophs.
c)decomposers or detritivores.
Example: Mammals
Lastly, decomposers are those creatures that survive by consuming energy solely from organic sources only. They break the dead matter in the ground and uses that as their energy source.
Example: fungi
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Newton’s laws of motion are some absolute laws that define much of the actions that we witness every day. The daily phenomena are influenced and their actions are mostly consequences of Newton’s laws of motion.
Now coming to the laws,
Newton’s First Law of motion
“Newton’s First law of motion states that an object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by an external unbalanced force.“
The literal meaning of this law is that without force no object can change its position or state. This suggests that there must a certain entity X that acts on all bodies so that it does not change its state. This unknown X is known as inertia. It tends to keep the object in its original state and hence resist any change of motion.
That’s why the first law is also known as the law of inertia.
This means that when an object is lying idly on some surface, it will not until and unless force is applied. This also means that a moving bus cannot stop until breaks are applied or simply until a force is applied.
Mathematically it means,
Summation F = 0
i.e. dv/dt=0 (where v= velocity and t= time)
Newton’s Second Law of motion
“Newton’s Second Law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of a body over time is directly proportional to the force applied, and occurs in the same direction as the applied force.”
As we know, by definition the rate of change of momentum signifies acceleration. Hence, the second law simply means that acceleration is directly proportional to applied force( in the same direction).
This means that the acceleration of certain something increases as soon as the force on it increases in its direction.
For example, in hockey when you shoot the ball with a force the acceleration of the moving ball increases and changes into the direction of the applied force.
The definition also means that that force is dependent on acceleration,
or simply F=ma, where ( F= applied force, m=mass, a=acceleration)
F is directly proportional to m and a.
Hence, a greater force is required for a greater mass object.
That is why when we push a rock A and another Rock B with the same force, then Rock B will move lesser compare to A if the mass of B is greater than A.
Newton’s Third Law of motion
“Newton’s Third Law of motion states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
This law is also known as the action-reaction law. The meaning of this law is that there is always an opposing force to every applied action.
A simple example of this is a book lying idly on a table.
There book is in that state as the book applies certain force/weight to the table, and in return, the table applies some force back to the book.
Thus, Newton’s law is applicable anywhere and everywhere.
You might understand the definition in whatever way you wish. But the scientific definitions must not be altered.
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The human body is divided biologically into 11 categories:
1. Circulatory System:
This one is the circulatory system. This system is responsible for blood circulation all over the body. It is nothing but a network of veins, arteries that have the responsibility to move the blood around the body. The heart is the main component of the system. Blood is pumped out by the heart and that blood is taken away from the arteries and vein to the required organs. Not only blood but oxygen and essential nutrients are transferred too.
2. Digestive System
This system deals with everything that comes under food and digestion. The body needed its food-derived energy to perform day-to-day activities. And the digestive system is a great part of that. It performs breaking down of food and absorbing of nutrients. It also eliminates the waste from the body.
3. Endocrine System
All the hormonal activity that is happening and occurring in the human body, is part of the endocrine system. They perform the secretion without any duct. A human mood is nothing but the effects of hormones in the body.
4. Exocrine System
It is also known as the ‘Integumentary System’. They perform the secretion through ducts in the body. This includes skin and other glands that secrets sweat, salivary, mammary products, etc. The elimination is similar to endocrine yet from it.
5. Immune System
This is one of the most vital systems of the human body. It is responsible to protect your body against diseases and provide immunity. The system is responsible for detecting what actually belongs to the system and what are the pathogens. It also eliminates detected and harmful viruses that might try to enter the system.
6. Muscular System
The whole framework of the body is supported by a muscular arrangement. It is holding the skeletal part, the organs together. This system is responsible for our bodily posture. It has three categories: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Together they work to make the human body move.
7. Nervous System
The complex collection of nerves, that forms a network and carries information from the brain to other organs. The system is highly complicated. But this is the sole system that is responsible for sending responses and instructing to perform certain activities. All the bodily activity is controlled by the brain, and hence by the nervous system.
8. Renal System
This system is the urinary system. It connects the kidney, ureters, urinary bladder urethra. The whole urinary operation is under its control.
9. Reproductive System
This is the genital system of the human body that is responsible for the process of reproduction.
10. Respiratory system
The process of breathing in and breathing out is done through this system. The lungs are in charge of the whole operation. However, this is the single system that is essential for breathing air.
11. Skeletal System
Last but not the least, what would have happened to a body if its framework is not there. The skeletal system is actually the framework of the body. Every muscle, organ, is supported by it.
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SMOG:
The condition of smog is gradually spreading all over the country now. It is no different from a pollution condition. If you break the name smog, you will get two words which are: smoke and fog. Thus, if we make a simple definition then smog is simply smoke mixed with fog. Here, in this condition, the smog is much more dense, heavy. The chemical interference makes it so much more toxic.
A long time ago, around 1900, London faced one such condition when the whole city got wrapped in the dangerous smog condition. Later, the scientists coined this condition to be a “smog”.
Formation:
Smog is created when multiple chemical reactions take place in the air.
Much of the volatile components are involved here. The compounds that are involved in the process, generally come from automobiles, power plants, factories. Not only that chemicals are also involved in day-to-day activities. Plastic products when burnt they release a chemical substance that creates toxic clouds. But majorly the cause of fog is due to the automobile activities only.
Another factor that affects the formation, is the weather condition of the surrounding. The temperature plays a vital role. Whenever there is a rise in temperature in the condition of the weather, the smog increases as well. Therefore, on a hot sunny day, the smog increases further.
Also, the smog becomes dense and static whenever the warm air gets collected on the lower surface. It creates an unmovable layer that keeps the city gloomy for a long time.
Effects:
1. It causes bronchitis, lung cancer, and other lung diseases in the people leaving in the city.
2. The ozone layer is depleted. This limits the UV radiation too.
3. The amount of Vitamin D received is much low. This results in weakening bone density in children
4. Pneumonia is also a common effect.
5. Restricts the long growth of the plants and crops.
6. Reduces visibility.
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In chemistry, the Periodic Table is an integral part. Everything we learn in chemistry is related to the periodic table. Dimitri Mendeleev discovered the excellent periodic table.
The periodic table is the block representation or tabular form of representing all chemical elements. The elements are so well organized that they can be located very easily. They are arranged according to their atomic number and electronic configuration. Each part of the table is classified into different categories.
Now the seven horizontal rows are known as the periods. The trend goes from left to right, starting from metals, metalloids at the middle, to non-metal as at the extreme right.
There are 118 elements in the periodic table.
Categories
1. Alkali metal and alkaline earth metal
Here in this group, there are mainly metals that are light, reactive and those that have low strength and melting and boiling points. These are all similar kinds of elements. Some of them can be cut through a knife.
2. Transition metals.
These are metals that are found in the center of the table. They have melting and boiling points that are very high. They have a hardness of their own. They have high corrosive strength. The oxides can be basic, amphoteric, or acidic.
3. Lanthanides
The next are the lanthanides. These compounds are heavier and more pale-colored than other compounds. The lanthanides are too similar in all characteristics, hence it is much problematic to differentiate. They form strong oxides.
4. Actinides
The actinides are the next elements. Their nature is soft, dense, and reactive. A few early actinides have a resemblance to the transition metals but the late actinides are more similar to the lanthanides. There are many colored compounds of actinides that are available.
5.Post transition metals
The Post transition metals are the next elements. Their nature is soft (or brittle), and has low melting points than transition metals. They have crystalline structures.
6.Metalloids
These are somewhat in between metals and nonmetals. They are good electrical conductors. They mostly show nonmetallic behavior. Metalloids are known to form amphoteric oxides.
7.Noble gas
The last column represents the noble gas elements which are mostly colorless, odorless, non-flammable gases with very low chemical reactivity.
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Natural Resources
Natural sources are elements that are derived from different parts of the environment. These are too important resources that cannot be lived without. This also gives us a better understanding of the elements that are present with us. It does give a calculative understanding of it as well. They play an intricate role in the earth.
Types:
Natural resources are nothing but derivation from the environment. These are essential to ensure survival socially and economically. The raw material of every product comes from these natural resources of the earth.
Firstly, the resources can be divided into two categories based on their ‘source of origin.‘
1. Biotic: The living and organic materials are composed of these groups. Everything that is obtained directly or indirectly from these, or are by-products of some organic reactions comes under this category.
2. Abiotic: ANy resource that comes from non-living sources like air-water, oxygen comes under this category.
Based on renewability than can also be classified:
1. Renewable natural resources: These are resources that are available continuously or the ones that can be restored even after a specific period.
2. Non-renewable natural resources: These are the ones that can be reformed after too much a long period. For a resource, if their rate of consumption exceeds the rate of recovery, then it is known to be a non-renewable resource.
Based on their stages of development, they are further divided into five major categories:
1. Potential resources: Potential resources are those resources whose existence is known and which haven’t been consumed or used yet.
2. Actual resources: The actual resources are the one that is known in nature and is currently under use and consumption. This the real ones that are currently processed.
3. Reserve resources: The part of the actual resources that have the possibility to develop in the future comes under the category of Reserve resources.
4. Stock resources: These are a resource, whose existence is known, but they are unavailable to mankind due to lack of information and technology.
