[Ishika]

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Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone or spine inside their bodies. It’s like a bony structure that supports and protects their delicate spinal cord. They tend to have more complex organ systems, like the heart, lungs, and brain. They are known to occupy various habitats, including land, water, and air. They have adapted to survive in diverse environments, such as deserts, forests, oceans, and skies. They generally exhibit internal fertilization, where the male’s sperm fertilizes the female’s eggs inside their bodies. Many vertebrates give birth to live young, but some lay eggs. They represent a relatively recent branch in the tree of life, with the first vertebrates appearing around 500 million years ago.
Examples of vertebrates are mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.

Invertebrates are animals that don’t have a backbone or spine. They may have other structures like exoskeletons or soft bodies to provide support and protection. They have simpler organ systems. They can be found in nearly every habitat on Earth, including freshwater, marine ecosystems, underground, and even extreme environments like deep-sea trenches. They utilize a variety of reproductive strategies. Some lay eggs, while others reproduce through internal fertilization or asexual reproduction methods such as budding or fragmentation.
Examples of invertebrates include insects, spiders, worms, snails, jellyfish, and octopuses.

[Ishika]

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Sohan’s water will get heated in a shorter time compared to Mohan’s water.

The hottest part of a candle flame is the inner blue region, while the outer yellow part of the flame is relatively cooler. By keeping the beaker in the outermost part of the flame, Sohan positioned it closer to the hotter region of the flame. This means that the heat energy from the flame will be transferred more efficiently to Sohan’s beaker, resulting in faster heating of the water.

On the other hand, Mohan’s beaker was placed near the wick in the yellow part of the flame, which is the cooler region. As a result, the heat transfer to Mohan’s beaker would be comparatively slower, and the water would take a longer time to heat up.

[Ishika]

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Plants synthesize their food through a process called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert sunlight, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O) into glucose (a form of sugar) and oxygen (O2). This process takes place in the chloroplasts, which are specialized organelles found in plant cells.

The components required for photosynthesis are:

1. Sunlight: Sunlight is the primary source of energy for photosynthesis. Plants capture light energy using a pigment called chlorophyll, which is present in the chloroplasts. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the sun.

2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide is obtained by plants from the air through tiny openings called stomata, mainly located on the leaves. CO2 is one of the essential raw materials needed for photosynthesis.

3. Water (H2O): Plants absorb water from the soil through their roots. Water is transported through the plant’s tissues and reaches the leaves, where it is used in photosynthesis. Water provides the necessary hydrogen and electrons for the synthesis of glucose.

4. Chlorophyll: Chlorophyll is the pigment that gives plants their green color. It is responsible for capturing light energy from the sun and initiating the process of photosynthesis.

During photosynthesis, sunlight energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, which powers a series of chemical reactions. These reactions convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The glucose produced during photosynthesis serves as a source of energy for the plant and is used to build other organic compounds necessary for growth and development.

The overall equation for photosynthesis can be summarized as:

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2