[Kumari]

In this hard time which we are going through it is very important for us to stay fit mentally and physically. Physical health is generally taken very seriously but one the other hand mental health is something which is not even talked about. Mental health is also equally important infact it can be said that it is more important as a person suffering from physical pain but having stress free mental state can be cured within few days whereas person suffering from no physical health issue but struggling with mental health issues takes lot of years and specialised treatment for recovery . Healthy mental state can be maintained by practicing the stress management techniques. Some of them are-
1. Exercising and yogas:- These play a very important role in controlling our stress. Long breathing helps to relax our body ,normalise our pulse rate and oxygen rate.
Excercises like stretching and taking massages also helps body and mind to relax.
2. Taking breaks:- Taking break from the normal work schedule and doing thing which makes us happy helps in relieving stress . It can be cooking, dancing, singing. Anything which makes us happy.
Spending time doing our hobbies will help our mind to stop thinking in a particular direction which is causing stress or affecting mental peace.
3. Eating healthy:- Consuming balanced diet helps our body to stay healthy and healthy body leads to healthy mind.
4. Working on the problem:- Working on the problem and discussing with the specialised people helps in solving it which leads to better mental state and healthy mind.
5. Talk with people around:- Talking plays a very important role in releasing stress. Knowing about people around and most importantly surrounding people with same ambition and mind set gives a lot of support and motivation for a person.

[Kumari]

Digestion is a very important process for the proper functioning of our body. Through the process of digestion the nutrients and water is absorbed from the food and used up in the body which gives energy to the body to perform work. Even the working of organs in our body needs energy.The process through which the food enters our body and is then passed through various organs in order to get digested is governed by the digestive system. It comprises of various glands and organs such as salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.
Initially food enters our body from the mouth, the fluid secreted by the salivary gland moistens the food and the teeth churns it. The churned food with the saliva then goes into the food pipe called the esophagu sand through food pipe it reaches the stomach. In stomach it stays for 5-6 hours where the food is mixed and grinded and with the help of certain enzymes and acids the food breaks down and becomes of a paste consistency.
Then the food enters the small intestine where the process of breaking down of food continues with the help of the secreation of pancreas that is pancreatic juice and liver is bile. Here, the nutrients and broken down into its simplest form such as proteins are broken into amino acids, fats into fatty acids and then are absorbed.
Then the semi liquid paste enters the large intestine where the water and electrolytes are absorbed from the digested food.
Then the left over waste collected in the rectum and excreted through the anus and is eliminated out.
For the process of digestion to take place smoothly as it helps the smoothen the movement of food in the system and cleanses the digestive system. By taking the right amout of water constipation does not takes place.

[Kumari]

The ways or remedies through which global warming can be controlled are-
1. Planting more and more trees as it absorbs the Co2 from the environment and avoiding deforestation.
2. Go for cycle in the place of cars as the smoke from the engine is very harmful for our environment.
3. Turn off electrical devices when there is no use.
4. Save water. Switch off taps when not needed like while brushing aur cleaning utensils.
5. Recycle things as much as possible.
6. Avoid using heaters and air conditioners as the gas which comes out is very harmful for the nature.
7. Aware people around you about global warming, its causes, harmfull effects and how it can be controlled.
8. Use local goods as the goods which are transported from different places requires a transport which exhales poisonous gas.
9. Walk or cycle to buy vegetable and local markets. Do not use car to for local movement.
10. Change your refrigerator and air conditioners within a couple of years as as it gets older the gas becomes more poisonous.
11. Change your car within 15 years as older cars causes more pollution and technology is upgrading towards causing lesser harmful gass for the environment.
12. Do not smoke as the harmful gas causes harm to the environment.
13. Go for CNG cars as the CNG gas is less toxic than diesel fumes. It also creates less noise pollution.
14. Use electrical appliances which are 5 stare as it uses less radiation.
15. The industrial waste that comes out from the factories pollutes the water and it should be avoided.
As we see that now in India we have 9-10 months for summer and 1-2 months for winter this is the effect of global warming. Global warming is a very dangerous calamity people should make sure to keep these things in mind and protect our nature.

[Kumari]

As water is one of the most important resource for our survival it is very important for us to save water. There are various ways by which water can by saved.
Some of the ways are-
1. We should take just that amount of water that we can drink and not waste it.
2. If some water is left in the glass we should reuse it by watering the plants
3. While brushing,taking bath aur cleaning the utensils we should switch off the tap.
4. We should take care all the taps,showers ,pipes and toilets of our house are not leaking and if they are try to mend it as soon as possible.
5. Rain water harvesting is a process where rain water is stored on the terrace so that the water can be reused.
6. Planting the plants that need less amount of water for there growth.
7. Don’t let the tap be open while watering the plant through pipes.
8. Use a washing machine when there is full load of clothes.
9. While cooking cover the utensils with lid to reduce the wastage of water while heating.
10. Taking shower instead of bathing can also help in saving water.
11. Water the plants in the evening so that evaporation is minimized.
12. Tell people around you the value of water and ways in which it can be saved.
13. Collect water in the sink and then cleaning fruits and vegetables.
14. Don’t dirty utensils more than you needs as washing them will require more water then needed.
15. While taking a hot shower don’t waste the cold water that comes prior to hot water,reuse it for different things.
16. If you have a pet, give them bath in the lawn so that the water gets used by the plants and grasses.
Water is a very important component and as i responsible citizen it is our duty to save them so that the next generation also gets to enjoy the resources of our planet earth.

[Kumari]

Saprotrophs also know as saprophytes or decomposers are the organisms that cannot make there own food and instead are dependent on other non- living organisms and dead and decaying matter for there food. Saprophytes feed with the process called absorptive nutrition or saprophytic nutrition, where the dead and decaying food is digested by the enzyme secreted by the saprotroph. The enzyme converts the non- living organisms into simpler molecule which are then absorbed by the cells.A saprophyte is also helpful to the ecosystem as it decomposes the bodies of dead and decaying organisms, recycles and releases nutrients into the environment, making them available for other organisms to use it. During saprophytic nutrition proteins are digested into amino acids , starch is digested into simpler sugar and fats are broken into fatty acid.Saprotrophs interact with the environment at the microscopic level. These organisms are considered very important in the process of nutrient cycling, decomposition of organic matter and in breaking down the complex organic matter into simpler substances that are taken up by the plants for various metabolic activities. Saprophytes require suitable conditions for there growth. They need sufficient water and oxygen for there growth and cannot grow in anaerobic conditions(lack of oxygen). They grow well in slightly acid aur neutral condition.
The saprophytes grow through the tubular and filamentous structure called the hyphae that grows and branch into the dead matter and secreat a digestive enzyme that absorbs its nutrients.
Eg-For example ‘lignin’ one of major materials found in plant cell walls, is not digestible by plant-eating animals or useable by plants unless broken down into its various components, mainly complex sugars. Certain saprophytic fungi are able to reduce lignin into useful compounds.
Types saprophytes organisms :-
1.Saprophytic fungi:- Fungi which are dependent on dead and decaying organisms for their nutrition
Eg-mushrooms, yeast, penicillium.
2.Saprophytic bacteria:- Bacteria which are dependent on dead and decaying matter for their nutrition.
Eg-slime moulds, lactobacillus, bacillus stearuothermophilus
3.Saprophytic flowering plants :- Plants which are dependent on other dead and decaying organisms for there nutrition.
Eg, Indian plant, burmannia ,Corallorhiza orchids.
4. Saprophytic algae :- Algae that lacks chlorophyll, like the member of the genus ‘Polytoma’ and are dependent on other dead and decaying matter for there nutrition.

Features of saprophytes:-
1. They cannot perform photosynthesis due to absence of chlorophyll.
2. They grow from filamentous structure called hyphae.
3. They play a very important role in soil biology.
4. Saprophytes are hetrotropic.
5. They do not have stems,leaves or roots.