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Ecology is the branch of science that takes into consideration the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. It is basically the study of organisms, the environment, and how the organisms interact with each other and their environment. The person who studies ecology is called an ecologist.
In all, ecology is classified into six types- Global Ecology, Landscape Ecology, Ecosystem Ecology, Community Ecology, Population Ecology, and Organismal Ecology.
1. Global Ecology deals with the interactions among earth’s ecosystems, land, atmosphere, and oceans.
2. Landscape Ecology deals with the interchange of energy, materials, organisms, and other products of ecosystems. This type of ecology also throws light on the role of human consequences on landscape structures and functions.
3. Ecosystem Ecology deals with the entire ecosystem, including the study of living and non-living components i.e Biotic and Abiotic components, and their relationship with the environment. They have to research how the ecosystems work and how they interact.
4. Community Ecology deals with the fact that how community structure is modified by interactions among living organisms. It comprises of two or more populations of different species staying at a particular place.
5. Population Ecology examines the population distribution and density. It then deals with the factors that can change the size of the population of organisms.
6. Organismal Ecology deals with an individual organism’s behavior, physiology, etc. in response to environmental challenges.
7. Molecular Ecology concentrates on the production of proteins and how these proteins affect organisms and the environment.
Ecology helps us in a lot of ways.
1. Environment Conservation- Helps us to understand how our actions impact the environment.<div>
2. Resource Allocation- Understanding which resources are essential for the survival of different organisms.
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3. Energy Conservation- Proper knowledge of requirements helps in the prevention of wastage of energy resources.
4. Eco-friendly- Supports harmony in the environment among different organisms.
Human Ecology concentrates on the correlation between humans and the environment. It highlights the impact human beings have on the environment and spreads awareness on how we can improve ourselves for the prosperity of humans and the environment.
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Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rain, rather than letting it run off. Rainwater is collected from a roof-like area and redirected to a tank, cistern, deep pit, or reservoir with percolation so that it flows down and restores the groundwater. Rainwater harvesting is one of the easiest and oldest techniques of self-supply of water for households, and residential and household-scale projects, normally financed by the user. Nevertheless, larger systems for schools, hospitals, and other facilities can run up costs only able to be financed by owners, organizations, and governmental units.
People generally keep buckets on the slopes of their houses to collect the rainwater. This water can come to use in plenty of activities at home. We already know that rainwater is the purest form of water, so people generally utilize that rainwater by boiling it and then maybe use it for cooking purposes or drinking. This water can also be utilized in watering plants. Rainwater harvesting produces an independent water supply during water limitations. In areas where clean water is costly, or difficult to come by, rainwater harvesting is a significant source of clean water. In places like Rajasthan, where water is scarce, rainwater harvesting is a major thing to do to preserve water and use that water whenever required.
Many countries, particularly those with arid environments, practice rainwater harvesting as an affordable and reliable source of clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are assembled to trap and prevent rainwater from running down hills and slopes. Even in times of low rainfall, sufficient water is collected for crops to grow. Water can be collected from roofs, dams and ponds can be constructed to hold large quantities of rainwater so that even on days when little or no rainfall occurs, a suitable amount of water is available to irrigate crops.
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The worldwide disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has affected our environment and climate on a very large scale. The global reduction in modern human activity such as the considerable decline in planned travel has prompted a large drop in air pollution and water pollution as well. China has seen a 25 percent reduction in carbon emissions and also a 50 percent reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions because of the lockdown imposed in the country by their government.
Due to the pandemic and hence the lockdown, the travel industry was also impacted very badly as the airlines were stopped for some time. Because of this, there was no air pollution for quite a long time. Reducing air pollution can bring about a positive change in climate as well as COVID-19 risks.
Since travels were banned for some time, water pollution also got reduced. Since the factories were also not operating in the lockdown, no smoke was moved into the water to make it contaminated. In Venice, soon after quarantine began in March and April 2020, water in the canals cleared and encountered greater water flow. The rise in water clarity was due to the settling of sediment that is interrupted by boat traffic and considered the decrease in air pollution along the waterways.
Fish prices and demand for fish saw a great downfall due to the pandemic. As people lingered at home due to lockdown and travel constraints, some animals have been spotted in cities. Sea turtles were detected laying eggs on beaches they once avoided (like the coast of the Bay of Bengal, due to the reduced levels of human interference and light pollution.
People could not move out of their houses, so the roads were also clean. There was no irrelevant littering on the roads. Though the masks that were used by people in these tough days were disposed in the grounds and made the conditions worse.
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El Nino is a situation that occurs when the water temperature of the Pacific Ocean becomes warmer than usual. The increase in ocean temperature has an intense impact on the environment. It has a magnificent impact on the weather patterns by inducing severe weather worldwide for about 1 year. This was first notified by South American fishermen where they noticed periods of unusually warm water in the Pacific Ocean in the 1600s. It was assigned the name El Nino de Navidad, as El Nino typically peaks in the month of December.
El Nino can alter the weather significantly. The warmer waters make the Pacific jet stream to move south of its neutral position. With this transformation, areas in the northern U.S. and Canada are dryer and warmer than usual. But in the U.S. Gulf Coast and Southeast, these periods get more humid than usual and have prolonged flooding.
El Nino also has an everlasting effect on marine life off the Pacific coast. During regular conditions, upwelling draws water from the depths to the surface; this water is chilly and nutrient-rich. During El Nino, upwelling lessens or stops altogether. Without the nutrients from the deep, there is few phytoplankton off the coast. This concerns fish that eat phytoplankton and, in fact, affects everything that eats fish. The warmer waters can also bring tropical species, like yellowtail and albacore tuna, into areas that are commonly too cold.
Due to flooding and drought in various agricultural centers of the world, El Nino can also be the cause of the reduction of supply in certain crops including sugar, coffee, rice, and cacao. As we know that, a decrease in supply induces an increase in the demand for that product, because of which the amount of that product also increases. El Nino cycles had seen these products rise in cost by as much as 10% due to a reduction in the supply of these crops.
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Okay, so while I was in school, something happened that I cherish even today. It wasn’t a very big thing but it has acquired a very important place in my heart as that day was the one when I had made my parents proud for the first time, I guess. The story that I am about to write is about 12 years old. When I was promoted to the 8th standard, we had a Maths teacher who was considered very strict in the whole school. We used to have weekly tests every Tuesday. So, as I was promoted in the 8th class, we had a weekly test of Maths subject, and as everyone knows how scary that subject is, even I was very tensed as in the first very test of the class, I didn’t want to have a bad impression on my teacher. I had studied very hard for that very test. The only competition I felt was from my best friend who was very intelligent in that very subject. Her father was a Maths teacher so maybe that’s why she had got that interest in the subject. So, we had our exam on Tuesday, and on the upcoming Saturday, we had our Parents Teachers Meeting. And my parents obviously like every other Indian parent wanted to meet all the faculties and ask them how I was doing in the class. I was so tensed that if they go to the Maths teacher, what would happen if she tells my marks to them and what if I had scored less in that exam. I was too scared; I can still feel what I was going through that day. And then, after meeting all the other teachers, now my parents were heading towards my Maths teacher and I was facing such difficulty in lifting my legs for walking because of the anxiousness.
My mother was constantly asking me if I had already received my marks for that test but since Mam had not revealed the marks in the class, so that made me more curious than she would directly be telling the marks in front of my parents and also, some other parents would be there and that I would get insulted if I had scored fewer marks. I had become so worried just because of the marks that I would be getting in that very exam. So, as we had reached her room, we had to wait for around 10 minutes before my turn, and that teacher didn’t know every student very nicely as she had taught in our class just for a week. I got somewhat happy that maybe she won’t even know me and that she would just say that I was doing okay and all of that stuff. But instead, when we sat in front of her, the first thing that she asked was my name. And as I told her my name, she got startled, I could tell that by looking at her facial expressions because maybe she was trying to recall something with my name which made me more tensed. The next question was from my mother to that teacher about the marks if she could tell how much I scored. We had our weekly tests for 20 marks. So, at that very time, she very excitedly said “Oh, Tanya. In this class, I can only remember her name because she has scored full in her Maths test.” She said since it has just been a week that she had started teaching in her class, and she could not remember any other name than mine. And I got so happy. Some tears of happiness also fell down my cheek. And I looked at my parents after that and they got so happy after listening to her statement, I could easily see that proud feeling on my mothers’ face. And that was probably the best and happiest day of my life! And, my friend who was so intelligent in the subject had got 19 on 20, she got so jealous of me and the next day when mam had returned our test copies, she tried to look into my copy and tried everything she could so that she could report some wrong checking or wrong totaling in my copy. But unfortunately, she could not do so. After that day, while everyone was scared of that teacher, I got so frank with her and I could talk about every other thing with her. And to date, this is the best memory of mine!
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Meditation is a practice where a person uses a technique – such as mindfulness or concentrating the mind on a definite object, thought, or activity – to enlighten consciousness and knowledge, and attain a mentally clear and emotionally calm, and stable state. It incorporates an extensive variety of dissimilar practices in different traditions. It has two different meanings- thinking about something deeply, and focusing one’s mind over a period of time. It the act of getting one’s attention to just one thing, either religiously or as a way of becoming calm and composed.
Meditation gives a sense of peace in our body that helps us to remain calm. It gets the balance in our body that benefits both our emotional well-being and our overall health. It also protects us from many diseases. These benefits don’t just end when our session ends. They are long-lasting benefits that meditation gives us. The person who meditates knows his inner soul better than any other person. They go deep into the meaning of life. They try to understand the reason behind their life and also get to know the motive of their life. They gain a new perspective in stressful conditions. They cope up more easily with such situations than anyone else. They manage their stress without any difficulties. Negative emotions are just eradicated from their lives. Patience and tolerance are the qualities that are inculcated in a person who is constantly devoted to meditation. Social tensions are no longer a part of their life. They overcome the problems of anxiety, asthma, cancer, chronic pain, etc. A person who is suffering from asthma is often advised to start meditation so as to leave the disease behind. People who have sleep disorders are also generally corrected by the process of meditation.
The goal of meditation is not to control your thoughts, it is to stop letting them control you.
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A balanced diet is a practice of eating healthy. It gives your body all the nutrients that are required for all the body parts to function correctly. There are many reasons for consuming a balanced diet. The main reason is for a person’s Growth and Development. Having a balanced diet improves the energy levels of the person. It lowers the risk of illness and also reduces tensions and banishes depression and anxiety. The components of a balanced diet include Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and Roughage.
Roughage is the type of plant-derived food such as whole grains, nuts, seeds, legumes, fruits, and vegetables that cannot be broken down in our body by digestive enzymes. It is a fiber that is basically edible. If our body requires vitamins, it also requires good bacteria that would help in our weight management and also decrease the risk factors for heart diseases. In addition, roughage, if absorbed in the right quantity, also improves our digestion. The consumption of roughage also improves gut health. The people who have the problem of constipation should consume more amount of roughage as it helps alleviate constipation as its consistency helps move stools more easily through our digestive tract. Also, consuming more quantity of roughage helps in weight loss. It increases our resting metabolic rate (RMR) which is the calories that we burn while at rest. High-fiber food may also stabilize sugar control by decreasing the absorption of sugar in our bloodstream. Maintaining blood sugar level moderate is important as it can weaken our body and may induce diseases like Diabetes. Many people suffer from high cholesterol as well. Cholesterol, as we know may lead to heart diseases, can be lowered by consuming more amount of fiber, i.e Roughage. Also, eating high-fiber food can help in reducing blood pressure.
High-fiber food or roughage generally includes Chia seeds, Lentils, black beans, chickpeas, flax seeds, oats, etc.
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Deforestation is defined as the large-scale removal of trees from forests for the facilitation of other human activities. Trees, as we know are an indispensable part of our biodiversity. Without trees, there is no life!
Cutting down trees to use that land for our own needs is termed deforestation. It mainly affects the ecosystem, causes disturbance in the water cycle, damages the natural habitat of other living beings, and also induces soil erosion. Trees are the foremost reason for our living. In India, approximately 31% of the land is covered with forests. They are our principal source of oxygen, food, water, and medicines. Also, they play a major role in the water cycle by adding water to the atmosphere through the process of transpiration. They also absorb the greenhouse gases, acts as a carbon storehouse, thus limiting climate change. They even try to prevent soil erosion by providing mechanical support to the soil. They also try to protect our Mother Earth from some natural calamities by acting as a floodwater sink.
If they are providing us so much selflessly, we should also do our part by planting more trees and not cutting them! We should plant more and more trees. Like the way we celebrate our birthdays, we should also include one activity of planting a tree on that day to give back something to nature. Also, we should use recycled products like books, paper bags, etc. By using more of these items, we are continuously reducing the demand for timber in the environment. Also, we should lower the use of palm oil in our lives. Majority of the palm oil is grown in recently cleared lands. We should, for a fact, know that the world’s palm oil production comes from Indonesia and Malaysia, where the virgin rainforest is generally cleared at a disturbing rate to make way for new plantations.
To avoid deforestation, we should in fact plant more trees in our neighborhood. Also, there is a need to spread awareness of planting more trees.
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Yes, it is advised to drink water stored in a copper vessel. It is beneficial for our body. We all have often heard from our grandparents that it is useful for us to drink water from a copper bottle or a vessel. It is not just their beliefs, but there are also many scientific reasons behind this theory.
According to Ayurveda, water stored in a copper vessel has the ability to balance all the three doshas in one’s body (Vata, Kapha, and Pitta). It is usually done as the water gets charged by the copper vessel. Storing water in a copper vessel often works as a purification process.
Some points need to be followed before taking the advantage of the copper vessel. Firstly, you have to ensure that the vessel is purely made of copper. Before using the vessel, rinse the vessel using a natural acidic solution like lemon and water, or salt or baking soda combined with vinegar can also be used. Also, fill the vessel the night before using it.
When water is kept in a copper vessel overnight, it is believed that the copper ions dissolve in that water in small amounts. The process is also called the Oligodynamic effect. This can kill all the micro-organisms present in the water like fungi, algae, and bacteria. Copper is also known as a remedy for removing fine lines and wrinkles from our faces. It has a strong anti-oxidant and cell forming property which helps in fighting off free radicals, which is one of the reasons for those fine lines. Copper also helps in the generation of new and healthy skin cells. Copper is also known for its fat-cutting property. It helps people to break down fat and eliminate it as efficiently as possible. Copper also regulates the working of our organs like the liver and kidneys.
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We generally say that language is very powerful, it can resolve conflicts between people, but also it has the power to create misunderstandings between them. Communication is the creation and exchange of thoughts and information among different people. It can indeed be used as a medium of peace-building.
Communication is essential for decision-making and planning in an organization as well. The decisions need to be taken after having a proper meeting with its employees. Thereafter, whatever decision has been taken is to be communicated with the rest of their employees. Communications foster the smooth operations of the organization. The objective of management cannot be completed until there is a unity of purpose and harmony of effort. It binds the people together and expedites coordination. It is only through communication that management can present a good corporate image to the outside world as well. Effective communication serves the management in sustaining healthy relations with its workers, customers, vendors, shareholders, government, and the community at large.
Communication is also required to maintain harmony in society. They are useful for eradicating misunderstandings if any. Whatever differences that get created among the people need to be solved and that can happen only if they interact with each other and talk things out. Because of this, communication is required in maintaining peace in society. It helps in increasing friendships in the environment as miscommunication often results in conflicts among people. The world is befuddled with conflicts. Statistics indicate there are a greater number of conflicts occurring these days. Poor communication in people is what causes conflicts and effective communication is what succeeds relationships.
Thoughts start building up if there is any kind of misunderstanding between people. To overcome this burden of deliberations, it is advised to communicate with each other and whatever is the problem, try to cut it out of everyone’s life.
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Satyajit Ray, born on 2nd May 1921, was an Indian film director, scriptwriter, documentary filmmaker, author, lyricist, magazine editor, illustrator, calligrapher, and music composer. He was born in Calcutta as the son of Sukumar Ray who, then was outstanding in the fields of arts and literature. Satyajit was one of the greatest filmmakers in the film industry. His renowned works included The Apu Trilogy, The Music Room, The Big City, and Charulata.
Satyajit Ray has in all directed 36 films, including feature films documentaries, short films, and novels, majorly for young children and teenagers. Feluda, the sleuth, and Professor Shonku, the scientist in his science fiction stories, Tarini Khuro, the storyteller, and Lalmohan Ganguly, the novelist were the popular fictional characters that were created by him.
He has also had a major interest in puzzles and puns that was indicated in his stories. Most of his writings were translated into English. And most of his screenplays were published in Bengali in the literary journal Eksan. He also wrote an autobiography considering his childhood years named “Jakhan Choto Chilam” which was then translated into English by his wife Bijoya Ray as Childhood Days: A Memoir. After the Apu Trilogy went on air, he also published his memoir about his experiences “My Years with Apu”.
He also had an interest in Graphic Designing. He designed most of his film posters combining folk art and calligraphy to create themes ranging from mysterious, surreal to comical; an exhibition for his posters was held at British Film Institute in 2013.
He received many major awards during his career, including 32 Indian National Film Awards, a Golden Lio, a Golden Bear, 2 Silver Bears, and many additional awards at International film festivals and ceremonies. He had also won an Academy Honorary Award in 1992. Also, He was honored by the Bharat Ratna Award by the Government of India.
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Tenzing Norgay, born on 29 May 1914 was a Nepali Indian Sherpa Mountaineer. He was one of the two individuals known to reach the summit of Mount Everest, which he achieved with Edmund Hillary on 29th May 1953.
He received his first opportunity to join an Everest expedition when he was 20 years old. He participated as a high-altitude porter in three British attempts to climb Everest from the northern Tibetan side in the 1930s. On the 1936 expedition, he worked with John Morris. In 1952, he took part in the two Swiss expeditions led by Edouard Wyss-Dunant and Gabriel Chevalley. In this expedition, Raymond Lambert and Norgay were able to reach a height of about 8595 meters, setting a new record. This expedition opened a new route on Everest that was successfully climbed the very next year. On 28th May, Norgay and Raymond Lambert covered 28,215 feet above ground level. And it forged an everlasting friendship between Norgay and his Swiss friends, especially Raymond Lambert with whom he had completed the expedition. Thereafter, they could not complete the autumn expedition as they were stopped by bad weather after reaching an altitude of 8100 meters.
After his expeditions of Everest, Tenzing Norgay became the first Director of Field Training of the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute in Darjeeling when it was set up in 1954. In 1978, he founded Tenzing Norgay Adventures, a company that provided trekking adventures in the Himalayas. In 2003, the company was run by his son, Jamling Tenzing Norgay. Jamling Tenzing Norgay had also completed the summit of Everest in 1996.
One of the buildings at Everest Court, Mottingham in Kent, England is named after him.
In January 2008, Lukla Airport was renamed Tenzing–Hillary Airport in honor of the pair and their achievement.
On the surface of Pluto, Tenzing Montes is the name of an icy mountain range.
2003 was the golden jubilee year of Norgay’s summit of Everest, so the Indian Government had renamed its highest adventure sports award, the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award.
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Hard work is a significant practice in the present life. The individual who works hard can make progress and satisfaction throughout. Hard work decides our worth in the everyday life. There is a well-known proverb that says “No pain, no gain” which is very well suited in this case. Without hard work, achieving anything is very difficult. People can get rid of any big problems by working hard and leaving the problems aside. Nothing in this life is easy to be achieved without doing any hard work. Therefore, it is rightly said that Hard work is the key to success.
While in school, studying is quite a task for the children but for the student who studies hard, it gets easier for him to get admitted to a good college. Similarly, for a student who is in college, it gets easier for him in placements. When a person is working in an organization, working hard gets him promoted to a higher post. So, the only key to success is hard work. And if you are a hard worker, you can achieve heights in life. No work on the planet can be fruitful or achieved without hard work.
The person who stays away from hard work is always dependant on others and always unhappy. The hard worker person is always victorious in the race of life, but the lazy one has to bear all the humiliation by getting stuck in one position only. Any person can change his destiny by doing hard work in life. Hard-working people are always confident, honest, motivated, and cheerful in life. They always have the habit of encouraging others as well.
We get success with true dedication and constant hard work. A person who works hard can easily succeed in any field. To achieve success in life, determination and hard work are very important. There is no shortcut to success. Hard work is the only key to achieve it. It teaches us discipline, dedication, and determination.
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If we look around ourselves, we will find a lot of objects that are made out of plastic. From a small pin to large objects, most of them somehow contain plastic. Plastics are synthetic polymers of carbon and other elements with high molecular mass. They are malleable and can be easily converted into solid objects. They are generally therefore used in boxes, packaging, carry bags, switches, utensils, etc. It is known to all that plastics are very harmful to our environment but because of their easy low-cost production, we keep on using them. Plastics are non-degradable and their natural decomposition may take up to 400-1000 years. Plastic materials clog waterways and many animals tend to consume these materials. Consuming plastics leads to the death of animals and seabirds as well. Plastic is widely used in packaging but eating out of a plastic container may cause cancer. The cost of recycling plastic is also very high.
In place of the plastic polythenes, we should increase the use of jute bags which are more reliable as well as have a long life. Apart from jute bags, paper bags or cloth bags can also be used. Stainless steel, metal, wood, glass are some of the best alternatives for plastics. In place of plastic straws, paper straws should be used. For the kitchen utensils, using wooden items should be encouraged.
The best way to protect our Mother Earth is to reduce and eventually forbid the use of plastics. Despite knowing all the harm that it causes to us and our environment, we keep on using them. The government has also restricted the use of plastics in our country but the factories producing plastics are not stopping their production. If we want to survive for a longer time, we need to understand this issue and should stand with the government to restrict its usage.
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There are four main classifications of planets- terrestrial planets, gas giants, ice giants, and dwarf planets. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars come under terrestrial planets. They are primarily comprised of a rocky type surface. Jupiter and Saturn cover the gas giants. These are primarily comprised of a mixture of gases. Uranus and Neptune fall under the category of ice giants. They are generally the planets with a solid ice surface. Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake come under the category of dwarf planets. These are usually smaller in mass as compared to the other planets.
Terrestrial planets
Let us talk in brief about each of these planets.
Mercury
It is the closest to the sun as well as the second-smallest planet in the solar system. Because of its proximity to the sun, the surface of the planet reaches a temperature as high as 840 degrees Fahrenheit. There is no atmosphere on this planet because of the intense temperature, so it is covered with pockmarks and craters all around.
Venus
This planet consists mainly of carbon dioxide. It contains a pressure index that would crush anyone who landed on this planet. It is the hottest planet and can be seen by the naked eye from Earth.
Earth
The only planet where life exists. It is believed that Earth is approximately four thousand million years
Mars
Mars is also called the Red planet because of the high iron content on its soil. This planet is full of carbon dioxide. But it is assumed that there was a time when life existed on Mars and may exist even in the future.
Jupiter
It is the largest planet in our solar system. Its atmosphere is similar to that of the sun containing elements of hydrogen and helium.
Saturn
Like Jupiter, its atmosphere is also filled with Helium and Hydrogen. Saturn is surrounded by a set of 9 whole rings and 3 broken rings that are composed largely of ice, rock, and space dust.
Uranus
This planet is blue which can be justified by the high amount of methane gas in its atmosphere. The main elements on this planet are Helium and Hydrogen.
Neptune
It is known as the windiest planet in our solar system as it is far away from the sun. Neptune also has high traces of Methane in its atmosphere. It is believed that there is an unknown element that gives it a much brighter color than Uranus as well.