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The strength/power of the soil to provide vital nutrients values(nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) to the plant’s roots, keeping it fresh and alive is known as soil fertility. When there is agricultural production, the ground needs to be solid and in check. Fertile soil also plays a major role in retaining moisture and maintaining the apt pH value. If the soil underneath the crops is not in the right state then that might hamper the entire farming.
Whenever the soil fertility components get tampered, and essential elements are taken away from the soil, without making efforts for its re-establishment, depletion of soil fertility occurs. It is the removal of nutrients and essential components of the soil from itself.
Causes:
The major causes of soil fertility are listed below:
1. Inadequate fertilizer use
2. Total removal of crop and inadequate cropping methods
3. Non-efficient methods of crop rotations
Methods through which the soil fertility can be conserved:
1. Protecting the topsoil by planting trees on left-out spaces of fields.
2. By implementing crop rotation, through which many different types of plants can be planted on the same field.
3. No-tilling.
4. Stopping to dig unnecessarily in the field.
5. Creating a compacted soil surface.
6. Planting more and more indigenous crops.
7. Adding organic material to provide additional richness.
The technology is working very hard for improving soil fertility. These include:
-nutrient management
-crop residue management
-applications of chemical fertilizers
-agroforestry
Thus, we as citizens of India should work collectively and prevent our soil from losing its rich nutrient values.
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The human body has five senses:
See, Hear, Smell, Taste, Touch
And there are 5 sense organs that are making it possible
Sense organs are the essential/vital organs of the body that connects the outer world to the human body. The take responses from the surrounding around us and makes us take conscious decisions about it on how to interact with it.
Thus their importance is more than most of the other organs.
The Five Sense Organs are:
Eyes, Nose, Ear, Tounge, Skin.
Eyes: –See
Eyes are located at the upper part of the face. These are necessary for perceiving visual responses from the surrounding i.e. it simply enables us to see. The color of the eye might be black, brown, blue, gray, or even green.
When light falls on an object, the eyes adjust the muscles within. It adjusts its focus and a signal is sends to the brain. The brain identifies the image and gives the body the sense to recognize what we are seeing.
The cells of the eye that are responsible for this translation are known as the photoreceptors. The nerve that connects the brain and eye is known as the optical nerve.
Ears:- Hear
Ears are located at the extreme ends of the face on both sides. They come as a pair. These are necessary for perceiving auditory responses from the surrounding i.e. it simply enables us to hear.
The system comprises the eardrum, malleus, incus, stapes, and many other nerves. When a sound is carried through these layers a signal is sent to the brain, where the brain identifies the sound which is being reflected. The eighth cranial nerve carries the signal from the cholchea to the brain
Nose:- Smell
At the center of the face, the nose is located. This is necessary for perceiving olfactory responses from the surroundings i.e. it simply enables us to smell.
The Nose enables us to breathe in and breath out. Inside, there are thousands of olfactory receptors that are detecting the smell and sending their signals to the brain. It is transported to the olfactory nerve fiber, then to the olfactory bulb, and ultimately, to the brain.
Tongue: Taste
Exactly below the nose, lies the mouth. Inside the mouth, the tongue is found. This is necessary for perceiving taste responses from the surrounding i.e. it simply enables us to taste any item.
The Tongue has different taste buds that are responsible for detecting the taste of different items. The front is for salty and sweet, the back is for bitter, and the sides for sour. This strong set of buds gives us an efficient taste detecting system.
Skin : Touch
Lastly, we have the skin which is the layer that is covering all our body parts. In fact, it is the largest organ. The skin gives us the feeling of touch. That touch when applied in different manners is interpreted differently. It might be pain, pressure, temperature, etc.
The connection of brain and skin is made through spinal code collects the impulses from the skin receptors.
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The universe is huge. It is bigger than most of us can ever imagine it to be. The celestial bodies are separated by long long distances. We cannot give distances in kilometers there. Hence, to measure such long distances light-years are used.
So what is a light-year? It is the distance that light travels in the vacuum in one year.
1 light year=9 trillion kilometers.
Hence, from all of these, it is clear that light travels faster than any other medium.
But the speed of the light might look very fast to you, but it is not enough. For example, to go to Andromeda, which is the nearest galaxy it would take you 2.5 million light-years. Thus, it is clear that with the speed of light we cannot travel much longer distances in the universe. In fact, our destinations have become much shortened.
So in order to, cover much more parts of the unknown universe, we need a speed that is greater than light.
The answer is the ‘wrap drive’.
The mention of wrap drive is in many movies.
Wrap drive simply manipulates space-time. Although this is mostly a theoretical hypothesis so far.
The theory behind this is that as your ship travels to its destination, it would cause space ahead of it to contract. Along with the contraction and simultaneous expansion of the space behind must be followed. Thus, the spaceship would then be traveling inside within a space-time bubble, which is known as the “warp bubble” of flat space.
Through this, the spaceship is making a dent in space. Along with that it is pulling part of space-time towards it and pushing space-time behind it.
But, all of these are theoretical hypothesis that is yet to be executed. NASA is working hard to make this possible. Because with this, we would one day have space travels all around the galaxy.
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4 major criteria of classification of manufacturing industries
1. Raw Materials
2. Capital Investment
3. Ownership
4. Bulk and Weight
1. Raw Materials:
Firstly, the industries are classified according to the raw materials that are being used.
Based on this, this category is further divided into two more sub-categories:
a. Agro-Based Industries
These are the industries that depend on agricultural products and products from domestic farming of animals. They take the raw materials directly from these areas in order to process their food.
Examples: woolen, jute, silk textile, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, cotton
b. Mineral-based Industries
These industries are the ones that derive their raw materials from the minerals. Thus they are dependent on the mineral ores and mining facilities.
Examples: Cement, aluminum, machine tools, petrochemicals, iron, and steel.
2. Capital Investment
a. Small scale industry
Whenever the industry’s overall budget is on a lower scale then the industry is a small-scale industry. Manufacturing, processing, production everything is done on a micro-scale. These are mostly indigenous products.
Example: Agarbatti making, Chalk making
b. Large scale industry
Whenever the industry’s overall budget is on a higher scale then the industry is a large scale industry. Much more capital investment is required here. Highly advanced technologies and types of machinery are used as well.
Example: railway rolling stock, shipbuilding, etc.
3. Ownership
a. Public sector – This happens when the industry is owned and operated by the government
Example: BHEL,
b. Private sector – This happens when the industry is under the ownership of individuals/groups and is operated by them as well.
Example: Bajaj Auto Ltd
c. Joint sector venture – This happens when the industry is under the joint ownership state and individuals/group.
Example: Oil India Ltd (OIL).
d. Cooperative sector-This happens when the industry is under the joint ownership of the producers or suppliers of raw materials. The resources are funded together and profit/loss is shared among themselves as well.
4. Bulk and Weight
a. Heavy industries
The industries which involve big bulky goods like raw materials, and they produce heavy products as manufacturing products as well falls under this category.
Example: Chemical manufacturing
b. Light industries
Here, the materials used and materials produced are both lightweight.
Example: Shoes, electronics goods
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Sarojini Naidu: Early Life
Sarojini Naidu was born on 13th February 1879. She was a daughter to an Indian Bengali household. She grew up in Hyderabad. Later for studies, she went to Madras, London, and Cambridge.
The Indian National Congress was on the rise at that time. She was inspired by the daily efforts that the activists are putting in that time. Gandhiji’s ideas and philosophy attracted Sarojini Naidu to join the party as an activist. This powerful lady showed her potential there and she later became the president of INC in the year 1925.
Sarojini Naidu was a brilliant poet at that time. She used her poetry to ignite the idea of nationalism among the citizens of India. She wrote poems on patriotism, romance, and tragedy.
After Independence, Sarojini Naidu became the first woman Governor(first on all over India too) of the United Provinces in 1947.
She died on the year 1949, soon after her cardiac arrest.
Contribution as a freedom fighter
1. She became the part of Indian national movement during Bengal Partition in 1905.
2.Educated and imparted knowledge to different regions in India by giving lectures on social welfare, women empowerment, patriotism, and nationalism.
3. She was a source of inspiration to the women of India at that time.
In 1917 she started the Women’s India Association (WIA).
4. She became the president of INC in the year 1925.
5. In 1929, she presided over the East African Indian Congress in South Africa.
6. She was an important leader of the Civil Disobedience Movement
7. Later in the year 1942, Sarojini Naidu supported the Quit India Movement
After this, she was jailed for 21 months along with Gandhiji.
Sarojini Naidu, the Nightingale of India, will always be honored, respected, and remembered. India celebrates National Woman Day on her birthday(13.02) to remember and cherish her forever in our memory.
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A numeral system.
It is a way or method for presenting numbers
It is like having a systematic way to represent numbers and digits and giving them meaning.
A number system might have a different meaning than other number systems. For example, 11 means eleven in a decimal number system and three in a binary number system
The digits represent the numerical value.
They have a unique representation that in some way or other represents the arithmetic structures or simply the whole value of the number itself.
Numeral systems are the same as number systems.
The number system which India deals with is the Hindu–Arabic numeral system
Aryabhatta is the father of this Numerical system.
He was born in 470CE. He was known to be a believer in both the Hindu and Buddhist religions.
His personality was unique. He was a great mathematician. Probably the best of his times.
His contributions:
1. He solved the DIOPHANTINE EQUATIONS.
2. He provided the right calculations for calculating areas of circles and triangles.
3. He made trigonometry easier
4. He gave zero to the number system.
5. He calculated the correct value of pi to 5 decimal places.
6. HE proved that the MOON AND PLANETS shine due to reflected sunlight.
7. He has written ARYA-SIDDHANTA and
8. He gave much more ideas to Europeans regarding mathematics and astronomy.
9. You also gave a rational explanation about the solar and lunar eclipse.
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BODMAS in mathematics is known as the order of operations. It is how any operators or numbers perform operations in any given arithmetic expression. It is a logical way through which complicated options can be solved. Thus BODMAS gives a standard rule that simplifies the solving of any expressions that contain more than one operands.
BODMAS is applicable to these two types of components only
a. Numbers
b.Operators
BODMAS rule is the short form that is used to remember the order in which a mathematical calculation can be performed. Following this makes our job simpler.
The B stands for Brackets
The O stands for Order of powers or roots
The D stands for Division
The M stands for Multiplication
The A stands for Addition
The S stands for Subtraction.
While solving an equation from left to right this order must be followed to get the correct result.
So at first on goes for brackets then they look for powers or roots and solve them, then they look for division or multiplication. It must be noted that in this case whichever operation comes first is operated first. This followed addition and lastly subtraction.
Additional Conditions that must be remembered while applying the BODMAS rule:
– For the presence of any bracket, the addition or subtraction should be done after solving the bracket and opening it up
For example:
x + (y + z) = x + y + z
– When there is a negative sign, The bracket result must be multiplied with -1 before going to the next part of the calculation.
For example:
x – (y + z) = x – y – z
-Lastly for any number that is outside the bracket and placed just after the bracket, that number should be multiplied with each term of the bracket.
For example:
x(y + z) = xy +xz
A mathematical example:
5+7*3-(2+6)^2+9/3
=5+7*3-(8)^2+9/3 //solving bracket
=5+7*3-64+9/3 //solving power
=5+21-64+9/3 //solving multiplication
=5+21-64+3 //solving division
=5+21+3-64
=29-64 //solving the additon
=-35 //solving the subtraction
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The successor Lysimachus was Alexander the Great. —an interesting coin was issued. In the Kingdom of Thrace, he was believed to be born 361 BCE. The presence of his reign is detected by some coins that are found later and belong to that era.
The old narratives depict Alexander’s life and reign. They are written around 30 BCE. Greek historian Diodorus was known to be the one who has written about this. There are some other histories too who have written other historians’ thesis. They are known as the Alexander historians. There are thesis and work have facts on how he fought, how was his reign, and who were his supporters.
However, he might be. His death is still an unsolved mystery to us. Some believe that he died due to natural causes or he was weakened by some incurable fever. There are some who believe that his marshals assasÂsinated him.
The death of Alexander the Great cannot be estimated through mere assumptions. However, interactions with others might bring us to certain conclusions.
There were some historical diaries that have records of what Alexander did and what was he interested in. The diary entries show that Alexander visited many places as feasts on the same day when he fell ill. The illness later took his life.
There twist in this whole scene was that Alexander’s friend/companion Medius was present in all those parties and events of that evening. He was a well-trusted man and one of the closest friends of Alexander.
Thus from here, many believed that his best man killed him.
The dairy also says that when Alexander fell ill. Medius was right there in front of him. It is also believed that it was Medius who convinced Alexander not to leave the parties even after feeling unwell.
This all leads to one conclusion. Medius killed Alexander the great. However, there is no right proof. Hence, he cannot be declared guilty.
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Abraham Lincoln: Personal Life summary
Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1805. He was known for a highly influential political career and his brilliant presidency.
He didn’t have a rich lifestyle when he was young. He was brought to the outskirts of Indiana. He took his career into his own hand and finally became a lawyer. Later he also became the leader of the Whig Party.
He also became a congressman for Illinois.
He did take a break from politics after that. However, he made an excellent comeback in 1854, when he became the leader of the Republican Party. He has certain perspectives about life and the people of the country. Hence, he became their favorite.
Thus, when Lincoln ran for president in 1860, he emerged victorious on the other end of the tunnel.
Lincoln became the 16the US president. And he was one of the best presidents that the US ever had.
Contributions of Abraham Lincoln, for which he is remembered:
1. He played an important part in the history of mankind to end slavery. He established reforms and laws to free slaves and end slavery practices.
2. Lincoln stood as a firm leader for the United States during the Civil War that in the end defeated the Confederacy.
3. The establishment of the Emancipation Proclamation ensured better and efficient methods to abolish slavery practices.
4. After the war was over, e didn’t let the country stay divided. He ensured the welfare of the state by settling the terms and he reunited the Union and the Confederacy back into one United States.
5. The blacks felt free and powerful under his presidency. The blacks were given the right to serve the Army and also in the Navy of the Union.
6. Lincoln gave them the spirit and knowledge to fight their battles.
Death:
In the year 1865, on 14th June Abraham Lincoln was assassinated at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C., by John Wilkes Booth. He was shot in the head directly and he died on the next morning i.e., on 15the June 1865.
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Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther was born on 15th January 1929 in the city of Atlanta in the U.S. He was a known social activist. The leadership of Martin Luther in the civil rights movements is unforgettable. He has led the way to establish and launch a successful movement. The result of which was the legal segregation of African Americans in different parts of the United States of America.
Later he also became the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Here he took the opportunity to establish non -violent methods for achieving civil rights.
King won Noble Prize in 1964.
He was assassinated on April 4, 1968.
Contributions:
1. He led the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957. Here he worked brilliantly for civil rights.
2. He had fought all his life to establish equal voting rights in America for blacks along with the white people, i.e. to remove racial discrimination.
led lunch counter sit-ins where he and other blacks and whites.
3. Before that Blacks were not allowed to enter restaurants. After King’s reforms, the Black received the right to get equal treatment in restaurants.
4. For Martin Luther King Jr., it is illegal in the US to segregate somebody on the basis of skin color.
Nelson Mandela
Mandela was born on 18th July 1918.
Mandela was a social activist, politician, anti-apartheid revolutionary, and political leader. He belongs to the royal family of Mvezo. He took law as his subject of education. While studying in Johnseberg he showed interest in anti-colonial politics and this interest made him join ANC later in 1943. He arrested more than once seditious activities.
In the year 1962, Mandela received a life imprisonment sentence and was charged for committing activities to overthrow the state.
He stayed imprisoned for 27 long years. But, as the racial civil war was nearly at the doorstep, he was released in 1960.
After that, he had worked on multiple social and political reforms for the betterment of his people.
He became the country’s first black president in the year 1994.
He received Noble Peace Price in 1993.
Contributions:
1. He took the privilege to acknowledge people about AIDS/HIV after there was a mass breakout of HIV-positive cases in Africa.
2. He joined hands with ANC. ANC is known for fighting for the rights of black people.
3. He was an Anti-apartheid leader who dismantled the idea of Apartheid and believed in the establishment of equality.
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In around 1750, there were drastic changes were occurring. It marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. At that time, people discovered a different and new source of energy. These have the tendency to fuel for more amount of work. The source which we are talking about is the fossil fuel: coal, natural gas, oil. Coal was also one of them as the formation of this was also through natural sustainable methods. Burning this fuel to certain ignition temperature releases energy, This energy is built in the materials as they are naturally obtained from the earth. Hence, nothing is derived or unnatural. These are results of storing, decomposing, and forming for millions of years.
The formation of Coal was marked at the time when huge trees fell and they went totally underwater. Physically what happened is that the pressure that is occurring due to the heavy mass of the objects spread above forced them to form compressing rock, which is carbonic in nature.
The oil and gases are formed in similar ways too. For over a hundred million years, when along with trees the organic animal skeletons also went underwater bodies and got buried and locked away into the sediment, the same situation occurred. Again the pieces of these stuffs were all forced to stay put inside due to extreme conditions of water and soil. Thus, they came into the earth.
Although these are formed quite naturally, still their abundance is not sufficient for so many years.
Inventions and Gifts of Industrial Revolution:
1. This increased employment opportunities.
2. They also invented X-ray, lightbulb.
3. The most remarkable discovery was the combustible engine and the incandescent light bulb.
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WASTE MANAGEMENT:
It is the process when wastes that are marked to be discarded are treated in a manner to make a recycled product out of it. This indicates more about how waste can serve better and be something like a valuable asset. In the 21st century, the world needs waste management facilities. It is a non-compromisable activity that should be practiced in each and every household.
“Waste management is defined as the necessary activities and steps that are taken to control waste disposal from the original state to its final demolition.”
There is a total of eight major groups of waste management methods, which are further divided into subcategories.
Among the many methods, let’s have a quick discussion about the necessary and most useful ones:
Landfills
As we all know that soil plays a major factor in the decomposition of original matters. Thus when we dump garbage the chance of decomposition is increased automatically. Through this particular practice, waste disposal is done only on one particular land. Finding Landfills are not so difficult. Almost all developing countries have these in their cities.
But with time, the method is becoming limited. This is happening due to lack of space and as we know Landfills required space. Also, some chemicals like, methane is used on these landfills to reduce odor. Too much use of those adds contamination problems. While on the one hand Landfills are managing waste disposal, on the other hand, it is harming the environment by giving causes to rising air and water pollution.
Combustion
Combustion is also known as incineration is the method where solid wastes from municipalities are burned. Burning is done at a specific high temperature, which converts the waste into ashes and gaseous residues. This method works on a large scale and it can bring down large quantities of wastes, almost by 20 to 30 percent of the original volume.
Incineration is the solution to the disadvantages that the landfill is offering.
Recovery and Recycling
This is one of the most efficient and useful methods that is stressed nowadays. Recovery and recycling is the process in which there is a selection of materials from the discarded list and with the execution of certain processes they are made ready for use again. In particular, these are made into resources that can serve as some type of useable heat, electricity/fuel.
Recycling mainly is defined as the process of converting damaged/waste garbage products. It is an essential part of the three R’s: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. This reduces so many extra processes that can involve pollution rise. Thus, ultimately saving the environment in all respects.
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What is geometry?
Geometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with shapes sizes, solid figures, etc. Scientifically it is the part of mathematics dealing with measurements, construction of lines, points, shapes, angles, etc.
Not to mention, it is one of the oldest branches of maths. The origin was long ago around the 19th century. Of course, the concerned space and sphere of knowledge were limited to point, lines, planes, and distances.
However, the branch of geometry gained a different perspective with the discovery of Gauss’s theorem. Since then, the branch has gained a lot of other objectives and visions.
The use of geometry can be found everywhere in the practical world. It plays a vital role in parts of science, arts and, architecture. Of course, it has increased the scope and area of mathematics as well.
With the expansion, geometry has divided it into subcategories as well.
On the basis of methods they are:
a. differential geometry
– This part of geometry deals with calculus and linear algebra to solve itself. This has the opportunity to be intrinsic or extrinsic. Mainly it is used in physics and also in mathematics, especially when Albert Einstein’s general relativity is concerned.
b. algebraic geometry
– It is one of the oldest forms of geometry that exists. This part of geometry deals with commutative algebra and polynomials. This has shown to be an asset in String theory.
c. computational geometry
– This is one of the latest developed geometry parts that deal with the implementation of algorithmic problems. It has played a great role in medical imaging.
d. discrete geometry
– This part of geometry is known and used widely as it deals with lines, points, etc.
On the basis of properties of Euclidian space, it is further divided into
a. projective geometry
b. affine geometry
c. finite geometry
Euclid is known to be the father of geometry.
His texts are some of the vital sources from which the concepts of geometry were later developed.
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Artificial intelligence (AI)
AI is forming to be the basis of everything that the new and advanced world is going to offer us. It is the automatic ability of computerized devices to accomplish jobs that are generally associated with rational human minds. The conditions are created and the systems are made in such a manner that they possess abilities intellectually to no lesser extent than the human mind. They have the ability to reason and find meaning. From the very beginning, i.e. from the 1940s, computer systems are sharing a huge responsibility. They are complex systems that are made to perform a task that makes human life much easier. But all of these, as you must know depends on the instruction of another fellow human mind. They cannot function without any order.
With time, many programs have achieved the performance capabilities that are desired from a human mind. The main aspect of AI is that it is having the capabilities to learn from its decisions in the past. Hence, it can be said that once this particular factor is achieved. There is no stopping AI from taking over necessary jobs in the future.
Importance of AI in the future:
1. There can be self-driving vehicles that reduce many mistakes that common human driver usually makes.
2. The idea of smart roads, which is also currently under discussion, can make transport facilities much easier and simpler.
3. AI will hand out multiple job opportunities as is predicted by some experts.
4. Bringing AI to this world can help in medicine. There can be automated operations, precautionary interventions, accurate surgeries, etc.
5. Using drones in agriculture can help farmers to reduce the number of crop losses every year.
Overall, AI can help to change the whole world and its working. Technology is advancing every day and there is no doubt that in no time we will achieve this.
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The Famous battle which was fought in 1066, is the Battle of Hastings.
This is the war that was held for winning the crown in England.
William was selected to be the heir of Edward, the Confessor by himself. He had the designation of a Duke. This decision was taken in 1051. It so happened that later in 1064, Harold, who was the Earl of Wessex was sent to William to confirm that he will take his kingdom under his reign after his demise.
But the complete scenario changed when Edward on his deathbed gave the kingdom away to Harold.
All this happened so fast and at such notice that, without further delay, Harold was crowned the next day.
Soon after this, William declared war on the kingdom. And hence the war began.
The Battle of Hastings took place between Harold and William,
Coming to military arrangements now.
From William’s side, there were around 4,000–7,000 soldiers. They constitute efficient horsemen and archers. William showed up with heavy infantry as well.
From Harold’s side, there were also about 7,000 men.
They were mostly untrained people of the village, mostly they didn’t have the required military amenities. They were mostly untrained peasants. Unlike William’s here there were no archers and cavalry.
The Battle of Hastings started at sunrise on 14th October 1066. Thus, when their armies collided, the forces of William attacked brilliantly with all the military advantage on their side. As the day progressed, the defense started slowly losing their numbers. Harold, the emperor was killed later that same afternoon.
This marked the victory of William.
The result of this victory was:
1. The total English aristocracy was replaced quite smoothly.
2. There was a creation of upper clergy and posts like administrative officers.