Member Kumari
MemberForum Replies Created
-
Reproduction is a process through which organisms gives rise to there young ones which are same as there single parent or have mixed characteristics of there parents. Reproduction helps to maintain the continuity of a particular species.
There are two ways in which organisms can reproduce offsprings:-
1. Asexual reproduction- This is the process by which offsprings are produced without the fusion or production of gametes. Asexual reproduction takes place where there is only one parent. The offsprings are identically same as there parent and are called clones. Asexual reproduction is a simple and fast process.
Eg- spore formation, parthenogenesis, vegetative propagation, fragmentation etc.
2. Sexual reproduction- This is the process by which the male gamete which is the sperm and the female gamete which the ovary fuse together to produce the offspring. The offspring contains characteristics of both the parents hence are not exactly same as there parents. Sexual reproduction is a complex and slow process. Thorugh sexual reproduction there is genetic variation in the offspring.
A disease cannot effect the whole species.
Eg- in human beings,dogs etc.
The organisms which can produce 2 distinct type of gametes are called anisogamous which contain the male gametes sperm and female gamete ovary. Eg- plasmodium, vertebrates.
The organisms in which the gametes are identical are called isogamous species. Eg- chlamydomonas, algae etc
There are many organisms that can reproduce sexually as well as asexually like hydra, jellyfish, yeast and many more depending on the conditions they are in.
In human there are germ cells called sperm and ova respectively for male and female. While intercourse the sperm reaches the ovum and fertilises it to form the embryo which later forms zygote. And as the time passes by the zygote grows to form an individual baby.
There are lab based methods through which couple can conceieve who are not able to conceive naturally. Ex- IVF. -
In this hard time which we are going through it is very important for us to stay fit mentally and physically. Physical health is generally taken very seriously but one the other hand mental health is something which is not even talked about. People are suffering from pandemic anxiety with is leading them to lack of confidence and depression. Mental health is also equally important infact it can be said that it is more important as a person suffering from physical pain but having stress free mental state can be cured within few days whereas person suffering from no physical health issue but struggling with mental health issues takes lot of years and specialised treatment for recovery . Healthy mental state can be maintained by practicing the stress management techniques. Some of them are-
1. Exercising and yogas:- These play a very important role in controlling our stress. Long breathing helps to relax our body ,normalise our pulse rate and oxygen rate.
Excercises like stretching and taking massages also helps body and mind to relax.
2. Taking breaks:- Taking break from the normal work schedule and doing thing which makes us happy helps in relieving stress . It can be cooking, dancing, singing. Anything which makes us happy.
Spending time doing our hobbies will help our mind to stop thinking in a particular direction which is causing stress or affecting mental peace.
3. Eating healthy:- Consuming balanced diet helps our body to stay healthy and healthy body leads to healthy mind.
4. Working on the problem:- Working on the problem and discussing with the specialised people helps in solving it which leads to better mental state and healthy mind.
5. Talk with people around:- Talking plays a very important role in releasing stress. Knowing about people around and most importantly surrounding people with same ambition and mind set gives a lot of support and motivation for a person. -
Jana Gana mana is the national anthem of India and was originally composed as Bharato Bhagyo Bidhaata in Bengali with Rabindranath Tagore. The national anthem is of about 52 seconds and it’s 1st stanza was adopted by the Constituent assembly of India as the national anthem on 24th January 1950. Our national anthem was publicly sung on 27th December 1911 in kolkata,in the second session of Indian National Congress. The raga used in the national anthem is Alhaiya Bilawal.
The song “Jana Gana Mana” was first published under the title “Bharat Vidhata” in Tattva Bodhini Patrika in January 1912. The song was translated into English in 1919 with the title “Morning Song of India”.
The original composition of the song was in Bengali with many Sanskrit words in it. However, later it was translated into Hindi-Urdu by Captain Abid Hasan Safrani, an Indian National Army Officer and titled as ‘Subh Sukh Chain’. The melody to this song was given by Captain Ram Singh Thakur.
Also, there is an English version done by Tagore itself, with the help of Margaret Cousins
‘Jana Gana Mana’ sung today is just one stanza of the original version. The original song is a Brahmo hymn that features ‘five’ verses in Sanskritised Bengali and reflects the country’s independence struggle, culture and values.
The lyrics of the national anthem is:-
Jan gan man adhinaayak jay he,
Bhaarat bhaagy vidhaataa .
Punjaab sindh gujaraat maraathaa, dravid utkal banga.
Vindhy himaanchal yamunaa gangaa, uchchhal jaladhi taranga.
Tav shubh naame jaage tav shubhaashiSh maange,
Gaaye tav jay gaaThaa.
Jan gaN mangal daayak jay he,
Bhaarat bhaagy vidhaataa .
ay he jay he jay he jay jay jay jay he….
Meaning of the national anthem:-
You are the ruler of minds of people, let the victory be with you,
The dispenser of the destiny of India
Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat, Maratha, Dravid, Orissa, Bengal
There are echoes in hills of Vidhya, and the Himalayas and music is mingled in Yamuna, and Ganga which is chanted by foaming waves of Indian Sea
Wake up listening to the auspicious name of yours and pray for your blessings,
The saving of all the people is lying in your hands.
You are the one to impart well being to the people
the dispenser of the destiny of India
May you get victory, victory, and victory for you! -
There is a great influence of advertisements on our life and our mind. We start comparing our lives with the plot of the advertisements . Like for eg- In a gold jewellery advertisment it is shown that if a husband loves his wife he will gift her gold and diamond jewellery but in real life love can not be compared with the level of jewellery gifted. Advertisments have the power to change people’s thinking. If they start advertising related to anti dowry, equality in girl and boy child, women education and employment people will start accepting these facts. But there are some topics which come up as an agenda like the recent tanishq ad showing inter religion story. The is a term called capitalism realism in advertising which means people start assuming there life a perfect life only when they have perfect family, car ,jewellery as shown in the advertisements and when these are not fullfilled they start thinking that they do not have a perfect life.
There are certain advantages and disadvantages of the advertisements.
The positive sides are:-
• People get option to buy from in the market.
• Helps to circulate message to a large group of people at the same point of time.
• Tell about the use of a certain product and about its constituents.
• Helps in creating and increasing employment for the people.
• As there are a lot of brands for a particular product there is healthy competition for which brand gives the best product in lowest cost possible.
Negative impacts can be:-
• Building of false hopes from the advertisements.
• People start comparing their life with the advertisements.
• If the cost of the product is very low the amount which will be given to the people who are working class and most amount of money will be given to the capitalist class. -
Food and the nutrients present in it are the components on which our body stands. For a living body to perform action certain vitamins, minerals, fats, protein, carbohydrates and that can only be consumed through the intake of food. There are a lot of advantages of taking health diet. They are:-
helps to reduce stress, helps to perform action, makes body strong to fight infections,boost mood, making bones strong. Our body needs food and energy even for actions like sleeping and dreaming. Eating healthy means replacing salt and sugar with more nutritious options such as jaggery, natural sugar like sugarcane and taking very little amount of salt. Adding roughage and fibrous food to the food helps to maintain healthy gut health. Fibrous foods includes legumes,salads, leafy vegetables fruits and they also help in bowel movements. Foods like almonds help in improving memory power of an individual. Foods like dairy products, brocolli, eggs, fishes etc helps in making bones and teeth strong. Having an healthy diet helps a person to fight alot of disease by building the immune system.
Even in this pandemic doctors prescribed us to have dry fruits, paneer, mutton, chicken, fish ,egg, dal so that our body get the capacity to fight corona virus. Apart from these having green vegetables and fruits helps our body to fight numerous diseases such as:- cardiovascular diseases, blood pressure, cancer, diabetes , Gaistrointesitial disease,vision etc.
Healthy diet , adequate amount of water and exercise if maintained properly also helps to cure mental health issues, psychological pain , releases stresss and also overcomes depression and also plays a very important role in weight loss. Having healthy helps us to keep our mind and body healthy leading to a peaceful life at workplace and home. Water consumption is also a very important important for our body and survival. -
Communication is a process through which a message is circulated from 1 person to another through different mediums. Communication takes place through 2 way.
• Verbal communication – This communication takes place when words are used to convey thoughts and message between 2 people
• Non- verbal communication – This takes place when signs and symbols are used to exchange message between 2 or more people.
Non-verbal communication includes gestures,postures,personal appearance, body language,eye contact etc.
Each of these plays a very important part in communicating our message to the person in front of. It expresses our thoughts more than our words. Maybe sometimes this happens that we are speaking something else and our body language is speaking something else in this case body language should be believed as it cannot be fakes.
1. Personallyappearance:- personal appearance plays a very important role as our personality and dressing speaking about us before we speak. It also represents about the organisation we represent.
2. Gestures:-Gestures deals with the hand movements that we use to express our message. Eg- we touch our index fingure and thumb to show perfect.
3. Postures- Postures include body movement to express message. Eg- shurgging our shoulder when we are bored or iritated.
4. Eye contact- Eye contact plays a very important role in showing our confidence in a conversation. While in a meeting or and interview we maintain eye contact with the interviewer it shows how confident we are about ourselves.
Some of the non verbal signs used world wide:-
1. Thumbs up-
• The signal for approval or agreement is commonly found a European and American cultures.
• In many Islamic and Asian countries it is considered a major insult.
2. V for Victory-
• The V sign with an inward facing palm is also considered and insult in the UK and South Africa. -
Soil erosion is the process by which the topmost fertile layer of the soil is removed due to any physical impacts such as wind water or any animal. Due to this process the soil loses it’s nutrition. It also takes place due to some of the human activities such as deforestation. It can be said that Deforestation is the major problem that is causing erosion . People cut trees for there needs due to which the roots leave the soil and phenomenons like floods and landslides take place.Even agriculture causes soil erosion as for agriculture tress are removed and seeds are sowned in the on month of spring with causes it be barrened in the months of winter. Grazing of animals like sheeps and cows also also causes soil erosion as while grazing they remove the plants from there roots. For construction of buildings tractors are been drove in order to level the ground causing the fertile soil to get eroded.
There are various impacts of soil erosion. The soil looses its nutrients while effects the growth of the crops. It also causes natural calamities such as earthquakes and landslides.
There are ways in which soil can be prevented from eroding. The soil should not be left barrened instead grasses and shrub should be grown on the land. Keep the drainage system of you building our house clear so that the wasted water is not gone to the garden as the overflow of water can cause erosion. Do not over water the plants. The older plants which have the roots attached to the ground are more helpfull in controlling the erosion than the plants which are new and there roots are not very strong. Fertilisers and nutrients should be added to the soil in order to maintain it’s nutritive value of the soil so that it can give rise to a healthy plant. -
The status of women in our country and society is going on a better and positive way. Things are being in the way of betterment. But the situation needs to get more better. Earlier people had a mindset that women are just meant for cooking, handling home chores and taking care of the family but now it has changed. Women are capable of doing jobs for there survival and they need to because as man want money for their existance woman need it for the same. People cannot assume that women can have an unsuccessful career because she has the option to be dependent economically on her partner. This is never an option for anyone and now people are accepting this fact. But the only problem in the situation is women are excpected to take care of there families along which her work and that too alone and the duty of the men is just to earn money and pays no contribution to the household work. This thought is to be changed . The thought of “Equality”should be practised in all the works whether outdoor or indoor. Earlier the girl child were aborted and if not she was not allowed to study and had to help her mother in household work till a certain age and after that we was married at an early age but now women play an equal role in the development of the society. If a boy is studying he will study for himself but when a girl studies , she becomes capable of sharing her learnings with her kids leading to a more educated society. Women education should be encouraged, underprivileged students should get financial aid for the completion of their studies and women education and empowerment should be treated with importance as the same treated of men’s. And girls from a very young age should be taught that she is not weak than boys in any aspect.
-
Kalpana chawla was the first woman to go to the space . She was an Indian American space traveler and space shuttle mission specialist. She was born on March 17th ,1962 in Karnal, Haryana and died on February 1,2003. She was on of the seven crew members who died in Columbia spacecraft disaster. She was the yongest sibling of the family and her father’s name was- Shri Banarasi Lal Chawla and mother’s name was Sanjyoti Devi. Kalpana completed her btech from aeronautical engineering from punjab engineering college and did her masters in aeronautical engineering from University of Texas. She got a title of Vidya Vaschaspati in aeronautical engineering. In the early 1990s she started working as a vice president at AIIM’s research centre. Kalpana joined NASA’s astronaut corps on 1997 and was selected for her first flight in 1997 only. Her first space mission started in 1995 She was the part of the 7 member astronaut group of STS-7. There were two people of Indian origin who flew on the flight. One of them were kalpana chawaala and other one was Rakesh Sharma. She spent 360 hours in the space and travelled more than 1 crore miles and 252 revolution over 2 weeks.
In 2002 kalpana chaawala was selected for her 2nd flight as the mission head in STS-107. On the morning of Feb. 1, 2003, the space shuttle returned to Earth, which has to land at Kennedy Space Center. At launch, an average piece of insulation had broken off and damaged the thermal protection system of the shuttle’s wing, the shield that protects it from heat during re-entry. As the shuttle passed through the atmosphere, hot gas streaming into the wing caused it to break up. The unstable craft rolled , thrashed the astronauts about. Less than a minute passed before the ship depressurized, killing the crew. The shuttle broke up over Texas and Louisiana before plunging into the ground. The accident was the second major disaster for the space shuttle program, following the 1986 explosion of the shuttle Challenger.
The entire crew of seven was killed. In addition to Chawla, the crew included:
• Commander Rick D. Husband
• Pilot William C. McCool
• Payload Commander Michael P. Anderson
• Payload Specialist Ilan Ramon, the first Israeli astronaut
• Mission Specialists David M. Brown and Laurel B. Clark -
Food and water are the components on which our body stands. For a living body to perform action certain vitamins, minerals, fats, protein, carbohydrates and that can only be consumed through the intake of food. There are a lot of advantages of taking health diet. They are:- helps to reduce stress, helps to perform action, makes body strong to fight infections,boost mood, making bones strong. Our body needs food and energy even for actions like sleeping and dreaming. Eating healthy means replacing salt and sugar with more nutritious options such as jaggery, natural sugar like sugarcane and taking very little amount of salt. Adding roughage and fibrous food to the food helps to maintain healthy gut health. Fibrous foods includes legumes,salads, leafy vegetables fruits and they also help in bowel movements. Foods like almonds help in improving memory power of an individual. Foods like dairy products, brocolli, eggs, fishes etc helps in making bones and teeth strong.
Water intake also has numerous benefits such as-
It helps to create saliva that helps in to smoothley initiate the process of digestion.
Staying hydrated help in regulating body temperature. While doing physical activities sweat is secreted that helps to keep the body cool. At that time body looses electrolystes and vitamin and at that time water intake helps in the balanceing of those electrolytes and vitamins.
It also helps to lubricate the joints spinal cords and joints for easy movement.
It helps to remove excess water through urination, precipitation etc in order to regulate body’s temperature.
Taking adequate amount of water helps in maximising the physical activity.
It helps in smooth bowel movement and helps prevent constipation.
It improves the oxygen leve in the blood and carries essential vitamin and minerals in the entire body.
Helps in the treatment of diseases like:-
Constipation
Kidney stones
Hypertension
Urinary tract infection -
For us as Indians festival are the major parts of our lives. For us festival means joy,happiness, food,worship,new clothes,celebration and many more happening things. All the religions of our country have certain festivals which is also celebrated by the whole coutry. A muslim can been seen firing crackers on diwali and playing with colour on holi. A hindu can be seen celebrating eid and going to each other’s house on eid. A punjabi can be seen celebrating Christmas and a Christian can be seen going to gurudwaare for lohri. India is known as the country of festivals. All the festivals have there own story behind them with actually happened in tha past. Like in hindu culture we have dusshera which is of 10 days. It is associated with victory of lord rama over the demon ravan and how he saved sita maata from him. We have diwali which is celebrated because on that very day lord rama along with brother lakshmana and wife sita came back to homeland after exile of 14 years. In muslim culture Eid-al-Adha is celebrated recalls the story of how God commanded Ibrahim to sacrifice his son Ismail as a test of faith. … Eid al-Fitr is celebrated on the first day of the 10th month in the Islamic calendar. Eid al-Adha is celebrated on the 10th day of the final month in the Islamic calendar. There is a festival called Eid al- Fitr celebrated after a month of prayer, devotion and self-control, Muslims celebrate the accomplishment of their sacred duties during Ramadan with the beginning of Eid-al- Fitr or the festival of Breaking the Fast. The festival is a national holiday in many countries with large Muslim populations. Most famous festival of christians ie, christmas is celebrated to remember lord jesus who is believed to be the son of god. In punjabi culture people celebrate guru nanak jayanti also called guruparab in order to remember there first sikh guru Nanak dev ji.
-
Digestion is a very important process for the proper functioning of our body. Through the process of digestion the nutrients and water is absorbed from the food and used up in the body which gives energy to the body to perform work. Even the working of organs in our body needs energy.The process through which the food enters our body and is then passed through various organs in order to get digested is governed by the digestive system. It comprises of various glands and organs such as salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.
Initially food enters our body from the mouth, the fluid secreted by the salivary gland moistens the food and the teeth churns it. The churned food with the saliva then goes into the food pipe called the esophagu sand through food pipe it reaches the stomach. In stomach it stays for 5-6 hours where the food is mixed and grinded and with the help of certain enzymes and acids the food breaks down and becomes of a paste consistency.
Then the food enters the small intestine where the process of breaking down of food continues with the help of the secreation of pancreas that is pancreatic juice and liver is bile. Here, the nutrients and broken down into its simplest form such as proteins are broken into amino acids, fats into fatty acids and then are absorbed.
Then the semi liquid paste enters the large intestine where the water and electrolytes are absorbed from the digested food.
Then the left over waste collected in the rectum and excreted through the anus and is eliminated out.
For the process of digestion to take place smoothly as it helps the smoothen the movement of food in the system and cleanses the digestive system. By taking the right amout of water constipation does not takes place. -
Water is one of the most important resource we have on our planet. All living beings such as animals, plants and human need water for the proper functioning on there systems. Water has various importance in everyone’s lives but today due to the involveness of factories and chimneys waste the water of the seas and oceans are getting polluted.
Even though we have a lot of river and oceans but the water they have is very salty and contains garbage and harmfull chemicals which come out from the factories and cannot be consumed directly. That means only some amount of water is appropriate for intake. We should use the water effectively and make sure it is not wasted. We can reuse water in many ways possible and should save them from getting polluted.. Some of the ways of saving the water from getting polluted are:-
• Dispose toxic chemicals properly.
• Do Not Pour Fat and Grease Down the Drain
• Use Phosphate-Free Detergent and Dish Cleaner
• Dispose of Medical Waste Properly.
• Report water polluters
• Lessen down meat consumption.
• Eat more organic food.
• Wash your car or outdoor equipment where it can flow to a grassed area instead of a street.
• Don’t pour your motor oil down the storm drain. Take it to the nearest auto parts store.
• Pick up litter and throw it away in a garbage can.
• Go for non-toxic and biodegradable cleansers.
• Avoid plastic containers and go for steel or fibre containers.
• Make sure to clear your water tanks regularly and use alum.
• Do not let the garbage or toxic chemical from the factories go to the seas and oceans.
• Do not waste water. Try to reuse as much as possible like bathing pet in the lawn so that the water gets absorbed by the grass. -
Communication is a process through which a message is circulated from 1 person to another through different mediums. But sometimes due to some issues the process of communication does not takes place sucessfully. The issue can be from the sender’s side ,receiver’s side or through medium itself. These issues that causes communication to become unsuccessful is called barriers in communication.
Different types of barriers of communication are-
1. Emotional barriers- Sometimes due to an incident or accident it becomes difficult for a person to express his message due to flood of emotions. Here emotions become a barrrier for communication and thus causes unsucessfull communication.
For eg- When a person is very sad and you try to ask them what happened but there emotions don’t allow them toh speak clearly.
2. Language barriers- If a person living in south India tries to have a conversation with a person living in North India they won’t be able to understand each others concern and end up have an unsuccessful conversation.
3. Lack of interest as a barrier- lack of interest from the receiver’s side maybe because of being an unknown topic aur lesser known topic can causes barrier communication eventually leading to unsucessfull communication.
4. Physical barriers- Physical barriers such as issue in hearing or diziness can also become a barrier of communication.
5.Talking too much- Talking too much creates a problem that the person does not sticks to the points and starts creating stories which are more boring and due to which receiver gets distracted and does not pays attention to the sender’s talk.
6. Lack of eye contact- Maintaing eye contact means the sender and receiver are vibing and understanding each other’s position. Lack of eye contact shoes lack of interest in the receiver which eventually becomes a barrier in communication. -
Chanakya, also known as Kautilya and Vishnugupta was the general secretary of Chandragupta Maurya. He was a trainer at Taxila university and generally trained Bhim And Kirat princesss. By destroying the Nanda dynasty he destroyed Chandragupta maurya. He wrote a book named ARTHASHASTRA based on politics,economics, agriculture, social policy etc.Kautilya has discussed seven elements of the state by not giving details of the four essential elements of the state – land, population, government and sovereignty, propounded by Western political thinkers. In this regard, he does not give a definition of the state, but supports the already existing weekly theory. Kautilya has compared the state to the human body and has accepted its form. All the elements of the state work like organs of the human body inter-related, interdependent and together.
1. Swami (king) is equal to the top. He should be aristocratic, intelligent, courageous, patient, sober, far-sighted and skilled in the art of war.2. Amatya (minister) is the eyes of the state. The term used by Kautilya for ministers, secretaries, administrative and judicial officials. According to Kautilya, the Amatya ie the minister should be born citizens of their own country, belonging to a higher clan, characterful, capable, skilled in various arts and self-devotees.
3.Janpad (land and subjects or population) are the people of the state on which the existence of the state is possiblem Kautilya has described fertile, full of natural resources, livestock, rivers, ponds and forestland prime land as suitable.
Population includes people who are contributing to economic production. People should be loyal, hardworking and obeying the king’s rules regulations and orders.
4.Durg (fort) are the one who have the responsibility is to protect the state. The king should build such forts, which are beneficial for aggressive war and from defensive point of view. Kautilya has described four types of fortifications – Oudic (water) fort, mountain (hill) fort, Vanadurga (wild) and Dhanvan (desert) fort.5. Kosh (treasury) is similar to the head of the state. The Fund has been considered as the most important element of the state, because money is required during the operation and war of the state. The corpus should be so abundant that it is helpful in facing any calamity. Kautilya has given several measures to increase funds in the fund. He also advises the king to adopt unfair means to get revenue in a crisis.
6.Dand (force, baton or army) is the brain of the state. Force or army is a very important element to control the subjects and enemies. Kautilya has given six types of army. For example, hereditary army, appointed or hired soldiers, soldiers of military corporations, soldiers of friendly state, soldiers of enemy state and tribal soldiers. Vaishyas and Shudras can also be recruited in the army in times of crisis. Soldiers should be patient, efficient, war-skilled and patriotic. The king should also take care of the comforts of the soldiers. Kautilya has stated the four goals of punishing – achieving the unattainable object, protecting the object, promoting the protected object and dividing the object in the appropriate characters.
7.Suhrid (friend) is the ear of the state. The king’s friends help him in both peace and war. In this regard, Kautilya distinguishes between Sahaj (ideal) and Artificial friend. Spontaneous friend is better than artificial friend. The destruction of a king whose friends are greedy, coward and coward is inevitable.