[Soniya Sanyal]

Rocks are found on the upper part of lithosphere. These rocks can be classified into various types search as the igneous rocks the sedimentary rocks and the Metamorphic rock. The basis of differentiating the rocks is their origin and their components with which they are formed.

1. Volcanic rocks or the igneous rocks –

These types of rocks are formed by the cooling of magma or the hot Lava present inside the surface of the earth. These are not stratified rocks that is the do not occur in strata or layers. Their extremely heart and resistance and these types of Rocks are normally crystalline in structure. On the basis of the acid content rocks are classified as acid igneous rocks and basic igneous rocks. Those rocks which have a high proportion of silica inside them are acid igneous rocks for example granite. These types of rock less than and lighter in colour as compared to the basic igneous rocks. Basic igneous rocks have a greater proportion of basic oxide and that is why they are denser and darker in colour.

On the basis of origin igneous rocks can be classified into plutonic and Volcanic rocks. Plutonic rocks and intrusive rocks and are formed at some depth inside the earth crust and are exposed to the surface due to erosion and denudation. By the Volcanic rocks are extrusive rocks and solidify on the earth surface.

2. The sedimentary rock – there was a time that stratified rocks because they are present in layer. These types of rocks are formed from sediments accumulated over long periods of time usually underwater. These types of Rock and non-crystalline and often contain fossils plants and microorganisms. They are the most Varied type of Rock in formation and they are classified according to their age.

On the basis of origin or formation sedimentary rocks can be classified into mechanically formed rocks, organically formed rocks and chemically formed rock.

Examples of sedimentary rocks are conglomerate limestone Chalk sandstone etc.

3. The metamorphic rocks- all the rocks whether igneous or sedimentary become Metamorphic or change rock under great heat and pressure particularly during intense Earth movements. Due to this the original character of these rocks may be greatly altered. For example clay becomes slate limestone becomes marble coal becomes graphite etc.

[Soniya Sanyal]

Covid-19 can have very harmful effects on our body and it is very necessary for us to maintain a healthy and balanced diet without the influence of junk food. The diet during covid-19 should be rich in vitamins and minerals special because they help us build immunity. Elements such as zinc calcium magnesium essential for our body as they help us improve immunity by keeping our body in the fight mode. Patients are also advised to drink a lot of water and eat a lot of seasonal fruits. Fruits such as kiwi watermelon oranges pineapple pears etc help replenish the vitamin c and water levels in our body.

People should also take ample amounts of protein rich diet as they help rebuild our body. Protein rich food substances include eggs, meat, pulses , soybean etc. Make sure that you are consuming the right amount of proteins to protect your body.

Don’t forget to include sprouts, coconut water, dairy products like milk cottage cheese etc as these make our recovery process fast.

[Soniya Sanyal]

Writing is an art and unfortunately not everyone is an artist. Writing can be easy for some people but for some people it can be really hard. And as we all know practice makes a man perfect so basically the key to writing good content is practice. Firstly to begin with, just take any topic that you like. And start gathering all the thoughts that you can think about the topic at this moment. After you have gathered nearly 5 to 10 points you can now start structuring them. It is always good to begin your writing with the relevant quotes. If you can remember something that is relevant to your current topic then you can take it but make sure that you don’t forget to quote the name of the author who gave that quote. If you dont remember any quote relevant to your topic then you can also create some of your own rhyming lines they would also work perfectly fine.

Next part you can start asking questions to yourself like if your topic is about tree then first ask yourself what is a tree and your first paragraph is ready. The first paragraph in general is the introduction of the topic.

Now as you have structured your thoughts so you can begin with the next paragraph and ask yourself questions like what when how what are the remedies for it etc.

Always end your topic with the conclusion that summarises the main remedies that you found to battle the causes that threaten your topic.

Always use connector words in middle of the sentences such as however ,further more ,simultaneously, nevertheless etc.

Never write plagiarized content and always give due references to the sites from where you have taken the facts.

Check on your spellings and grammatical errors thoroughly before sending your write up review.

[Soniya Sanyal]

Internships are temporary jobs that students to as a part time work. These jobs are different from full time jobs and can mostly be done from your houses. Students can take up internship in the field of their expertise which may also differ from their graduate degree. These types of jobs are very helpful for students as the help them gain some experience of the the outside world of jobs. Further they allow the student to explore their interest in the chosen field and also enable them to polish the skill sets. Students get to learn a lot about the area of interest and also they may come to know their flaws and take and rectify them while they still have time. This helps the student to grow as an individual and use his personal skill sets to enhance the value of an organisation.

Secondly student be encouraged to do internship because it helps them to earn some amount of pocket money. Also they get to learn the value of hard earned money and therefore they may indulgence saving from an early age rather than wasting their parents money.

[Soniya Sanyal]

The story of Abraham : his hard work and hope

Young Abraham felt miserable. This evening was hard on him, he and his family members were forced out of their house . He now had to look for work and earn money to support family and at the same time manage his studies. He finally found some work to do and got used to the new life. He used to sit below the street lights to complete his assignments. He overcame all hurdles and obstacles on his way. He worked hard all day and night but never lost his hope.

One fine evening he came home to the terrible news that his mother had succumbed to her illness. His life shattered but he didn’t give up. A few years later his sister also died. Life was testing him badly. He borrowed money from his friend for a business but it failed and became bankrupt. He ran for various elections but was successful only in one. His loved ones died and he had a total nervous breakdown and was completely bedridden for quite a few months. But he never lost hope. His never give up attitude made all the difference.

Some years later, When he won the presidential election of the United States, he looked back down the memory lane, to all that he lost, to all that left him broken and realized it was these circumstances that made him capable and worthy of being successful. Had he lost his hope or given up on life, he would not be at such a great position today. Always remember to follow your heart, work hard and never lose hope. Life has mysterious ways of surprising you.

Later Abraham Lincoln was assassinated. His life was full of remorse and failures but he chose to fight and not give up.

[Soniya Sanyal]

This ryotwari system introduced by Thomas Munro in in the south and South Western parts of India. This system was introduced because the Britishers believed that these parts of the country did not have any local big Zamindar with whom they can make settlement. So in this system sir Thomas Munro announced that the cultivator on the ryot was the sole owner of his land. And Britishers directly made a settlement with them.

This system was basically introduced because under the permanent settlement system the company had to face huge losses as the revenue demand from the cultivator and the Zamindar was fixed. In the permanent settlement system if the crops failed then also the cultivators had to pay the same amount but if the crops produce was high and rich then also the cultivator had to pay the same amount. This system cost losses to the British because if the crops were good then the cultivator was able to keep the larger share of profit. Therefore under the ryotwari system the demands for revenue were revised periodically, depending upon the yield of the season. Although the demand was never lowered but was always increased. This system of ryotwari was later introduced in parts of Madras and Bombay Presidency as well. The demand for revenue was revised in every 20 to 30 years.

If the ryot failed to pay the taxes then his land was sold. The key features of this system that burden the peasants were:

1. The land revenue that was fixed was very high and after periodic revision it always got raised even more.

2. The peasants had to pay full amount of revenue even if their crops failed due to natural reasons.

3. The government did nothing to enhance the land quality and therefore the land qualities soon began degrading.

[Soniya Sanyal]

Newspapers are a medium of mass communication to the public through which government agencies announce their big policies and recent changes. Also newspaper keep us informed about the current event happening all over the world. The provide you with abundant of knowledge and even opinion and feedback.

To the editorial column of the newspaper you get to know about the views of the eminent personalities on recent events. You get to know and understand about different perspectives other than yours. Newspaper highlight problems of the poor and there plight so that the public authorities look into the matter and take the required action.

One cannot imagine the world without the invention of newspapers. Without newspaper we would not be able to learn about so many thing happening worldwide.

The first newspaper launched in India was the Bengal gazette in the 19th century. It was an English newspaper launched by a British resident of Bengal. Soon many Indian newspapers were also launch by the people of India. During the freedom struggle newspapers were used to motivate people and inform them about the recent happening in the country live Satyagraha, different acts introduced by the British etc. They also inform the people about british atrocity and helped in the culmination of a feeling of patriotism, a feeling of national Pride. People felt more strongly for each other after the understood each others views through the column of newspaper. Before that people were not aware of the perspective of freedom fighter and therefore did not have a feeling of nationalism.

Newspapers nowadays help us to gain knowledge for various competitive exams and are helpful in grasping current affairs.

[Soniya Sanyal]

Each one of us has sometime or the other heard someone advicing not to eat junk food as they are bad for the health. We should always eat healthy food. But what is the difference between junk food and healthy food why is junk food called bad. Have you ever thought about this? As we know that we require balance amount of nutrients in our daily diet. We require some amount of Carbohydrates for energy some amount of fat and also protein for our body building and body repair. Further we also require small quantities of vitamins and minerals added with roughage . The correct amount and proportion of these food nutrients consist the balanced diet.

Secondly we know that excess of anything even if it’s good is bad. Junk food items contain various type of chemical and preservatives. Further they contain an overload of fats and carbohydrates. They also contain a lot of spices and oil. All these things can make us obese. We should avoid junk food like chips pizza burger at all cost. Because various diseases can be caused after consuming junk food. Diabetes obesity are some of the major problems that can be caused due to the excess eating of junk food.

Children should form the habit of eating healthy food since childhood as big Lifestyle changes seldom occur after childhood. The teenage age is very delicate and adolescents tend to indulge in binge eating of junk food which can cause major complication for them in the later life. Therefore it is always advised to avoid junk food as much as possible.

[Soniya Sanyal]

The word democracy means the Government of the people for the people and by the people. In this democratic system of government everyone has the right to elect their own leader. It follows the principal of Universal adult franchise. This means every citizen above the age of 18 years has the right to vote and elect their representatives. So if there is only one party how will a person get the right to choose.There will be no option left for him.

On the other hand democracy also allows any legal citizen of India with a sound mind and no criminal charges against him to stand as a representative in the election. This means even common man has the right to contest the elections the whether from a party or independently. So in the true essence of democracy it is very necessary that an opposition party or a candidate should be present. So what is the work of the independent candidate who hasn’t won the election or the opposition party?

They perform the most important task of democracy. They criticize the current government for their wrong policy anything else if done wrong by them. This factor of checking the government is very useful while running the administration of such a vast and populous country like India.

Without the interference of the opposition the current government cannot function properly. It require input and criticism from party that have not won the election. Therefore both the government and an opposition party is needed for the functioning of a democracy properly.

[Soniya Sanyal]

As we all know that we are battling the Deadly covid-19 infection and the only thing that can save us from this ongoing pandemic is the vaccine. The vaccination of the citizens of India has now been started for 18 and above age people. This is a brilliant step by the government in the process of fighting the pandemic.

It is not the first time the world is facing such a deadly pandemic. Humankind has seen many such pandemics before and it is not our first time. The system of masking and Quarantine was followed even after the outbreak of Spanish flu in the 20th century. The only thing that could subside the pandemic was the process of vaccination.

The process of vaccination first started after Dr Edward Jenner accidentally invented the first vaccine for smallpox. Since then vaccines have been used to prevent almost all of the Deadly diseases like measles polio smallpox etc.

Vaccine for important because they generate an immune response in our body. Vaccines are made using different processes and they involve different Technology. The traditional Technology of making vaccine include the process of injecting dead virus into the body. After this dead virus enters the body our body cells generate and auto immune attack towards the dead virus. If the next time the virus enters our body are cells remember the attack mechanism they had followed for the dead virus and therefore we develop immunity against the virus.

[Soniya Sanyal]

VIBGYOR is an acronym for the word violet Indigo blue green yellow orange and red. These are the colour found in sequence in the rainbow. The rainbow consists of these seven colours.

One can witness the rainbow after the rain. The Other necessary condition for a rainbow to be formed is the presence of Sunlight while it is raining.

The formation of rainbow take place due to simple effect known as refraction. While it is raining, the thousands of water droplets refract the rays of sunlight coming to them. This results in the formation of a rainbow.

The colour sequence in the rainbow is similar to the sequence in the acronym VIBGYOR.

[Soniya Sanyal]

The swachh Bharat Abhiyan concern with cleaning our environment and our surroundings. It was launched by our Prime Minister Mr Narendra Modi on 2nd October, on the event of Gandhi Jayanti. Since Gandhiji was an advocate of cleanliness and he practiced it in his daily life therefore our pm honoured him on his birth anniversary by inaugurating this mission.

Under this mission every citizen of the country whether rich or poor Civil Servant or politician a common man or celebrity everyone was asked to participate actively and voluntarily in keeping the country and one’s own surrounding clean.

After the onset of the mission every citizen of the country came on the streets with brooms and other material required for cleaning. They intended to clean their surroundings and the river bodies present in their city.

This machine will have a very positive effect on the environment in the long run as keeping environment clean is our basic duty as a citizen of the country and also a resident of the planet Earth. We should always keep our surrounding clean even if this mission is currently active or not.

[Soniya Sanyal]

The modern world is full of Evils and smoking is one of them. Smoking is one such drug that attracts people mainly children from the adolescent age group. 30 children come under peer pressure and give in To such malicious activities. These children should be counseled properly and it should be informed about the harmful effects of smoking from an early age so that the chances of them taking up smoking is very less.

Smoking is harmful for our lungs and for the overall health of our body. People who smoke are at a higher risk of various diseases such as cancer asthma covid-19 etc.

People who have already become addicted to it should be counselled properly so that they give up smoking.

The public authorities should ban smoking in public places as this is is a very bad situation. This situation sets a wrong example in front of children and teenagers who are still unaware of the bad effects of smoking. They sometimes perceive people who smoke as cool and try to copy them. The government it should also ban visual in TV serial and Cinemas that contain smoking as this propagate a wrong image.

Smoking should also be banned in public places because of health reasons. Some patient who have medical history of asthma or other lung infections are allergic to such toxic smoke produced by smoking.

Smoking also contributes significantly to air pollution and degrades the quality of air we breathe from the environment.

Thus smoking in public is a very serious issue and immediate ban should be imposed on this activity.

[Soniya Sanyal]

Human beings require some basic skills to earn a living. Since the ancient times when humans once were Hunters and gatherers, they understood the importance of skills. Without skill Hunters and gatherers would not be able to to catch a prey and fulfill when needs of food shelter clothes etc. So they used to teach their next generation also these skills. When India saw the rise of kingdoms, it also witnessed the rise of various teaching institutions for the noble and princes. These were termed as gurukulas. The Nalanda University of India is one of the oldest University in the world. From this fact we conclude that the ancient people also understood the the requirement of education and its need improper administration and functions of daily life as well.

In the 21st century the right to education is a basic right for everyone. The government has started many initiative like the school Chalo Abhiyan. These types of initiative are for people who cannot afford the fees of private school. The government has also opened various government school for the teaching and basic education of slum children. They have started scheme like mid day meal so that they can attract more children specially girls to come to school and study. The government is is trying its level best to make more and more people in this country literate.

Education is important because it enables the person in his growth and opens a plethora of opportunities for him. Without education a person would not be aware of his rights and duties and such citizens are seldom asset to the country.

With the spread of education there will be more equality, the basic income of people will also increase, the standard of living of people will get raised and what not.

Education is everyone’s right and we all should encourage everyone around us to exercise this right for their well being and success.

[Soniya Sanyal]

Weight loss is one of the biggest problems that people face these days. Losing stubborn weight can be a hard task but here are some tips to effectively lose weight without cutting on your favorite foods and burning a hole in your pockets.

1.try do drink 2-3 litres of water in a day.

2. Do home workouts

3.Don’t take a nap directly after the meal.

4.Try to use a step tracker while walking to count your daily steps.

5.practice yoga

6.dont follow crash diets as they may have negative impact on health.

7. do hiit workouts.

8.take a balanced diet.

9.try to control on binging.

10. While working from home, make sure that you keep an active lifestyle.

11. Inhale some fresh air.

12. Consume homemade body detoxification drinks.

13. Don’t take any supplement or medication to loose weight.

14. Being consistent in efforts is very important to lose weight.

15. Never compromise on your health just to loose weight and always love your body and take care of your mental health.

While trying to loose weight one should generally avoid foof items which contain:

Sugar

Too much salt

Spicy and oily food

Bread and processed floor

Junk food

Soft drinks

Alcohol

Always avoid large meals and try to opt for small but frequent meals. This will end your junk food cravings.