[GODHULI MONDAL]

High-level programming languages

These are computer languages or instructions which are written in a format that is easily understood by a human. It is quite similar to the human language. The initial motive behind creating high-level languages was to make things easier for the programmers. These are so easy that they can be understood by programmers without knowing the exact machine codes.

Low-Level Programming Language<div>

A low-level language is a computer language that is not a human language version of the machine codes. In fact, they are raw codes. This creates many hindrances for programmers as all of them are quite complicated to understand and read. Not everyone can read those to be exact.

Comparison:

In low-level programming languages, the whole execution of the programs is marked by the machines only.

But as is mentioned earlier the high-level programming languages are human-understandable forms of language.

This makes it the programmers to take interest in it as these are instructions written in word and not some random combination of binary.

This must be understood clearly that the computer solely understands the binary language. Then we have the assembly level language that is the low-level language that has a close association with the binary.

They deal with fundamental kinds of stuff and interact with the system closely. But how is the interaction between the hardware and the software? Here the benefit of the operating system comes into play. They do the necessary job and act as a communication bridge between them. Above the low-level, programming language are the high-level language. They need generally an interpreter to translates the instructions into machine language.

This way the users don’t face the complex coding details. And the computer also understands the transformable form of the language. All of these hold the system together and work as a unit.

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[GODHULI MONDAL]

The main circumstances for militant nationalism came into action as soon as the announcement of partition was known.

In 1905, particularly on 20 July, the order was issued for the division of Bengal Lord Curzon was behind this completely. The partition was ordered to divide into two different/separate province

-Eastern Bengal along with Assam

-The remaining Bengal

The first partition of Bengal is marked by an excessive national revolt that questioned British authority directly. Of course, this was planned by the Britishers as the growing rebellions in India threaten their ruling supremacy. Thus, they decide to divide the territory into two parts.

When the first line was drawn across the map by Lord Curzon everyone recognized their real motives. They understood that this division was done not randomly. This was done to separate the unity of Muslims and Hindus. They were a strong ally in Bengal. Thus the breaking of the territory on the basis of religion was necessary for the Britishers to secure their positions. The western part has Calcutta and was left to deal with Orissa and Bihar and were mostly Hindu provinces. However, the Eastern province was dominated by the Muslims, declaring Dhaka as their new capital.

This was a clear indication “divide and rule” policy. This triggered the people in the territory and a flame of nationalism united the entire state to stand against it.

“Bande Mataram”, Bankim Chandra’s song was sung and the nation showed their support to the people of Bengal for this brutality. Successively, there were nationalist reform, boycott movements, there were burning of foreign textiles. The indigenous clothes and industries again gained their strength and boosted the swadeshi movement all over the nation.

This continued for a while until, in 1911, the national capital shifted to Delhi. This further reunited the two parts of Bengal and Assam regained its position as a separated Indian state. However, with the initial partition, many Muslims have achieved much greater profit and they don’t give that away. Thus, the British were successful in what they meant to do. Later in 1947, East Bengal got separated forming Bangladesh.

[GODHULI MONDAL]

The East India Company is also recognized as the English East India Company. Initially, the trading units and governors decide for this body. The trades in South Asia were dominated and exploited hereafter. This was around 1600. Although they were mainly a trading body, they played a vital role in capturing and ruling India through the whole 18th and 19th centuries.

Their establishment was often met by international threats. There were Dutch and Portuguese that competed with it. Although they paved the way to India through trading and winning their interests.

The British East India Company marked the British Rule in India for the next 200 years. Yes, they ruled brutally. They let our people suffered and infiltrated all of our treasures. However, there are certain areas where India benefitted from it too. Let us have a look at it.

1. For the first time the concept of democracy was introduced. This marked the end of monarchial rule in India. All states and their rulers were dragged from their positions and stripped from their power and wealth at that time. Thus, the new India was learning the importance of legislatures, councils, and the idea of a single unified nation under one rule.

2. British rule and East India company ignited the hidden nationalism in all people across the nation and united them with one single goal: independence of India. There were more logical reforms than ancient social ones. The western influence crushed the ancient meaningless practices: Sati, widow remarriage, child marriage. The upper hand of men and brahmins was criticized and the women got the chance to come out of their house and play an equal hand.

4. Directly or indirectly the Indian Education system was boosted. There were subjects that were new. Many courses came into action that not only dealt with our country’s history but also deals with what is happening in the west. These gave India a solid idea of how other countries have acted and saved their nations under similar conditions.

[GODHULI MONDAL]

Plastics are synthetic products that are produced from polymers. They are the formation of chains of carbon atoms. In the gaps, there are hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. The literal meaning of the words can be used to understand this in a better way. The first part which is “poly” means that many. Hence the word polymer means monomers. Let’s understand this with a simple example. If you see multiple trucks loaded and joined together one after another or a series of coal trains then you will understand the meaning of chain of polymers. There are multiple monomers(the trucks or the train compartments) that are joined to form a chain or simply a polymer.

The process of production of plastic is :

1. Extraction of raw materials: The raw materials which are needed are crude oil and natural gas and sometimes coal. They are extracted at first.

2. Refining process: In this method, the raw materials are processed. The crude oil is changed into petroleum products.

At first, the crude oil is treated by heating it in a hot furnace.

Then it is then directly for distillation. In this step, the crude oil gets separated into different components according to its weight.

3. Polymerization: Next step is polymerization. Here the lighter components from the previous step are treated and transformed into higher weight molecular. Monomers when are formed into chains.

There are two types of polymerization that can occur during this process:

1. Addition polymerization<div>

2. Condensation polymerization

4. Compounding/Processing

This is the concluding step where everything comes together. Then here everything is mixed by blending and melting. This is followed by extrusion. In this process, the plastic molds are made where the plastic is formed into different shapes.

Disadvantages of using Plastic:

1. All plastic bags are non-renewable elements.

2. Plastics are highly contagious to wildlife animals.

3. They are responsible for blocking and clogging roadside drains, ultimately causing flooding of the streets.

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• This reply was modified 3 years, 10 months ago by  GODHULI MONDAL.

[GODHULI MONDAL]

William Gilbert invented the first electroscope in 1600. An electroscope is defined as an experimental device that serves us to detect the presence of an electric charge in any object.

The electroscope is responsible for detecting charges through Coulomb’s electrostatic laws. This is solely responsible for detecting the charge and not measuring it.

Construction of Electroscope:

An electroscope consists mainly of a detector knob which is made up of metal. The knob is connected to a tiny pair of metal leaves. These are placed nearly at the bottom part of the connecting rod. When no charge is present the metal leaves are relaxed and they stay there facing downward.

These metal leaves display whether there is any charge or not.

Working of Electroscope

Now let us discuss the working of an electroscope. The idea behind this the working is based on a few basic chemical properties of elements ie. the atomic structure and metallic structure, induced charges, and the basic law of attraction and repulsion.

If you see that the leaves are separated and open:

This means that there is some type of charges in both plates of the leaves. from here it can be concluded that on detecting positive charge, the leaves spread open as the electrons present in the metal of the device are attracted to the same, creating a temporary illusion of positive charge. Hence this condition is when there is a positive charge.

A similar thing happens when there is a negative charge as well.

There is again a similar transform of electrons into the metal of the leaves. This leaves thus again gain a temporary negative charge. As like charges repel the plate of the leaves get separated again.

As soon as the charge source is removed, the leaves no longer remain separated and they move to their initial relaxed position.

From this explanation, it is quite clear that in no way an electroscope can define what kind of charge is acting upon it. It simply determines whether the body placed is charged or uncharged. It does not detect whether it is positive or negative.

[GODHULI MONDAL]

Reflection:

Reflection is simply defined as the sudden change in the path or direction of propagation of a wave from one medium to another when the boundary in between is struck. The wave doesn’t get altered as it is obstructed by the boundary of the medium. The process of regular reflection takes place only at plane boundaries. The wave line that strikes the initial surface is known as the incident ray, and the one that forms when it is reflected by the boundary is known as the reflected ray. The angle between the incident ray and the perpendicular at the point of incidence is known as the angle of incidence. And the angle formed between the reflected ray and perpendicular at the point of incidence is known as the angle of reflection. When the wave strikes the surface of the boundary, a fraction of energy that comes along with it is also reflected. That is known as the reflectivity of surface material.

Refraction:

Refraction on the other hand is defined as the shift in direction of any wave that passed to a different medium from the initial created by its change in speed of the wave. To understand this better we can take the examples It is true that the speed of sound waves is more in hot conditions than in cold conditions. Another practical example is that air is cooled at the surface of a lake during the night times. Therefore, all sound waves which tend to move upward are directly refracted down by the warm air at the top near the lake. So, we hear louder voices around the sea at night than day/

Law of reflection: θi = θr

(Let’s consider that the incident ray makes an angle θi with the normal of a plane tangent to the boundary.

And similarly, the reflected ray makes an angle θr with this normal of a plane tangent to the boundary. Both are on the same plane)

Law of refraction: nisinθi = ntsinθt.

(Let’s consider that the incident ray makes an angle θi with the normal of a plane tangent to the boundary.

And similarly, the refracted ray makes an angle θt with this normal of a plane( in the other medium) tangent to the boundary and ni and nt are the refractive index of each medium respectively)

[GODHULI MONDAL]

PHRASES:

Phrases are a collection of words or speech that has common use in the everyday world. More specifically, phrases are collective words in a specific order that deliver the same meaning. Phrases are also said and known to appear sometimes within a clause.

Types of phrases:

-Noun Phrase

-Prepositional phrase

Noun Phrase:

The phrase which deals with the noun as the main element of the entire statement is known as the noun phrase. This means that when it is placed in a sentence it acts as a noun. This type of phrase is used widely and vividly.

For example,

Anita’s face turned red with embarrassment, as she fell off the threshold and slipped in front of the front door.

Prepositional Phrase:

The phrase which deals with a preposition as the main element of the entire statement is known as the prepositional phrase. This means that when it is placed in a sentence it acts as a preposition. These phrases generally open with a preposition and finish with a noun, pronoun, gerund, etc.

For example,

Suresh climbed up the hill to watch the spectacular sunset.

Idioms:

Idioms are types of phrases that have over time established a figurative meaning, which means the non-literal meaning of the words of the phrases.

Idioms are everywhere in the English language.

These idioms have histories. Not all. But most of them. Generally, some incidents in the past have resulted in establishing such meaning to some particular phrases. However, there are many idioms that are created just for the creation of idioms only.

For example,

1. ‘Once in a blue moon’ – This means that something happens rarely and has a low chance of happening again.

Example: “Preeti can only go out once in a blue moon.”

2. ‘Call it a day’ – This indicates wrapping off or finishing some work that is currently in progression.

Example:

“Rahul decided to call it a day after he fell off the burner railing in the factory.”

[GODHULI MONDAL]

Pythagoras Theorem:

The mathematical statement states that “In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of squares of the other two sides”

According to the Pythagoras theorem, if we have a triangle ABC, which is right-angled at B such that ab is equal to length and bc is equal to breadth, then the side CA is the hypotenuse which is equal to the sum of (ab)’s square and (bc)’s square.

The side ab is also known as perpendicular/ height, bc is known as base, and ac is known as the hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle ABC, where angle B= 90degree.

Also, the hypotenuse is the longest side in a right-angled triangle.

Greek Mathematician called Pythagoras found out this theorem hence the name is the same as his own name.

The formula:

(perpendicular)^2 +(base)^2= (hypotenuse)^2

Uses of Pythagoras Theorem:

1. To identify the triangle as a right-angled triangle.

2. Any unknown side can be calculated

3. To calculate the length of the hypotenuse.

Examples:

1. The two sides of a right-angled triangle are 10cm and 15cm. Find the third side which is the longest side.

-So lets consider ABC, wher angle B = 90 degree

AB= 10cm

BC= 15cm

Hence by pythaogras theorem,

(AB)^2 +(BC)^2= (AC)^2

Now, putting the values,

or, 10^2 + 15^2 = (AC)^2

or, (AC)^2 = 100+225

or, AC = √325

or, AC = 18.02

Hence, AC is equal to 18.02. So the length of the longest side is 18.02cm

2. The height and hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle are 20cm and 25cm respectively. What is the length of the base?

-So again let us consider ABC, where angle B = 90 degree

AB= 20cm

AC= 25cm

Hence by Pythagoras theorem,

(AB)^2 +(BC)^2= (AC)^2

Now, putting the values,

or, 20^2 + (BC)^2 = 25^2

or, (BC)^2 = 625-400

or BC = √225

or, BC = 15

Hence, BC is equal to 15. So the length of the 15cm

[GODHULI MONDAL]

The birth of Siddhartha Gautam was in a royal family in Nepal. The skills and intelligence were always there in his head. Not only that he was a kind and compassionate person while growing up.

Soon at that time, there was a prediction made on his name. It said that Siddharth will be an excellent king or be alone spiritual leader.

Since Siddharth belonged to a Royal household, he was expected to become the former.

However, the world is not an easy place to survive and the cruelty of mankind attracted him to the latter.

To eradicate these feelings, his parents offered him every pleasure of the world. He even got married to a very beautiful wife, Yashodhara.

But whatever he does there was no end to his suffering. By no means he was able to get rid of those feelings.

Once when he set foot outside his kingdom on a tour he found a sick person. One the exact next day, he noticed a weak old man, and subsequently, a dead person came to his sight at last.

This was so painful for him he shut his eyes closed after this.

In his mind, he could find himself connecting with that mind. He could envision certain a calm world and a calm self. He realized the meaning of life.

After that, there was nothing that could stop him. He left his home, his kingdom, his wife to find answers and meanings. He led a solitary life and became a “sanyasi”.

Teachings of Lord Buddha

The teachings and beliefs of Lord Buddha have taught people to find meaning out in their lives.

Lord Buddha’s teaching was known as ‘dharma’

Five principles/ Panchsheel:

According to dharma

– There should be no killing in living things.

– There should be no stealing

– No Sexual misconduct

– No lying in any situation

– Mind should be free of all intoxicants like drugs or alcohol

He gave the –

Three Universal Truths:

1. Nothing is lost in the universe

2. Everything Changes

3. The Law of Cause and Effect

Buddha also had the four Noble Truths:

The Four Noble Truths:

– Dukkha

– Samudaya

– Nirhodha

– Magga

Lastly, there is the –

Eight-Fold path:

Which says-

– Right understanding (Samma ditthi)

– Right thought (Samma sankappa)

– Right speech (Samma vaca)

– Right action (Samma kammanta)

– Right livelihood (Samma ajiva)

– Right effort (Samma vayama)

– Right mindfulness (Samma sati)

– Right concentration (Samma samadhi)

[GODHULI MONDAL]

Fossil fuels are generally fuels that are dominating the world’s major activities. They are produced by the decomposition of dead plants and animals. They are classified as hydrocarbons, primarily coal, and natural gas.

Since, the time it has found its use in the world, it has expanded and expanded. The use of such fossil fuels is not only limited to minimal activities but also has spread across large-scale industries with heavy machinery and one that requires high energy resources like water-driven mills, etc.

Hence, to cut long story short, these fossil fuels can be simply defined as buried combustible sediments of natural (organic like plants and animal) substances. They can be produced from the decomposition of plant matter and decaying of dead animal substances. This decaying process takes millions of years

These matters are converted and are used in industries as crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils.

There are many synthesized, derived products that are available in the market in this 21 st century.

However, crude oil, coal and natural gas remain the main three fossil fuel that has been an excellent fuel since time immemorial.

Crude oil: This is responsible for petroleum products. Diesel, gasoline are some of their examples. They are drilled directly from the earth’s crust.

Coal:

Decomposition and decaying of plant matters under the earth’s surface over millions of years have formed coal. It is a massive energy source. Currently, it is used majorly in the generation of electrical power.

Natural gas: They are mainly extracted from reservoirs. They have a high inflammable nature, Particularly are used in the chemical feedstock in the production of inorganic and synthetic products.

Harmful effects:

1. Burning fossil fuel releases an excessive amount of Carbon dioxide into the air. This is creating an important reason for global warming.

2. Burning coal triggers many lung diseases and breathing problems.

3. Without proper care and protection the natural gas can leak and due to its highly inflammable nature they can cause explosion.

[GODHULI MONDAL]

Natural Disasters are sudden dangerous life-threatening conditions that arise scientifically due to the disruption of nature. The consequences are devastating with all respect.

In nature, various kinds of disasters have a chance to occur.

Lets’ discuss what precautions must be taken from each of them:

Earthquake:

It is a condition where there is a sudden movement of the ground and surface of the earth due to the shifting of tectonic plates beneath.

Precautions:

1. Find an open space to stand in. Avoid any high buildings, flats, or bungalows.

2. Staying away from high voltage lines and electric lamp posts is also extremely useful.

3. If one is locked in a house, he/she should look for a table and hide under it until the situation is calmed.

4. One must avoid elevators in all conditions.

Cyclones:

They are excessive stormy weather conditions, that are created surrounding a low-pressure area and have the tendency to destroy or pull out anything that is in the way.

Precautions:

1. Once it is known that a cyclone is approaching, abandon everything and leave the place.

2. Keep yourself with the weather conditions of your area and the nearer areas too.

Floods:

During Flood, the water is overflowed from the water bodies and reaches a higher level. The column and strength of the water gulp everything that is on its way marking the deaths of thousands of people.

It is considered to be the deadliest of all.

Precautions:

1. Avoid going or passing through bridges in all conditions.

2. Always move away to higher grounds.

3. One must never try to swim through the tides. They come at you at an excessive force that can throw you back at long distance

Tsunami

Tsunamis occur whenever there is an earthquake under the sea/ocean. This creates enormous waves that can destroy lives.

Precautions:

1. One should look for upper/higher lands immediately and move to one.

2. And one must avoid the debris that is hidden in the waves at all times.

[GODHULI MONDAL]

To understand this, we have to understand their nature first.

The insects, bugs are the unwanted creatures that infiltrate our homes. They are not so dangerous or harmful as a big carnivore for sure, but they are stinky, gross, and dirty at t most of the time. Not to mention they are extremely infectious. Hence, the easier thing to do is to keep them away as much as we can.

Now it is widely observed that the infiltration becomes maximum in the summer seasons.

The answer is simple: temperature.

There are many kinds of research and studies that are done by scientists. Here, it was also understood that insects have an ”optimum temperature”. In that particular temperature, the growth of them exceeds extremely.

It’s like the that whenever the temperature of the surrounding rises above this certain given temperature, the population of the insects grow rapidly.

With the descend of winter, and the coming of spring, The temperature started increasing distinctly. In this condition, the bugs reach their optimum temperatures. Thus the number of bugs in a particular area grows super fast henceforth.

However, contrasting to this, a low-temperature threshold also exists that kills the growth rate of the insects. It is calculated to be approximately 59°F.

Scientifically, bugs like spiders and other insects are ectothermic. This means that they accumulate heat from the surroundings. Not only that they reflect the same surrounding temperature conditions in which they live. Hence, they will always try to restore their original optimum temperature conditions. So according to the surrounding temperature they decide to come out or stay in their holes. Obviously, in summer their temperature exceeds far more than the optimum temperature. Hence, they come indoors to restore all of that. That is the reason why we see that there are too many insects in our houses in summer.

[GODHULI MONDAL]

Rayon fiber was originated in France in 1894. Rayon is defined as a natural fiber that is produced from cellulose procured from the extracted spongy material from wood.

Rayon is much different from cotton and flax. It is easily available.

Rayon is usually formed to staple if there is any need for bleaching.

Uses of Rayon

1. It is used in industries, the rayon has limited uses and application. It cannot endure much strain and functions and also it is costly.

Thus the cotton textiles and materials are used much more.

2. They are used essentially in the manufacture of vests and suits.

3. They are used for making bed sheets and blankets.

4. It is used in the production of tyre cod.

5. Used in making saree and also sometimes to make other clothing items.

6. A vital component in medicine, as it is used in making bandages.

Characteristics:

1. They are known to have low wet strength. This means that they can get shrank easily whenever they are wet. Hence, dry cleaning is an effective method to clean rayon. However, there are some rare rayons that permit wet washing.

2. They have the tendency to get wrinkled.

3. Naturally, it remains unaffected by insects and their damages.

4. They are known to have higher resistance to acids and remain undamaged when bleach is used.

5. Rayon can be burnt.

6. Under moisture conditions, rings are formed on it.

7. Rayons are also seen to become a limp after a continuous period of dry cleaning.

9. They are good absorbents. Thus, whenever colors are used they set in quickly.

10. They are thinner with respect to the surface area, hence allow much more comfortable breathing.

Hence, overall is a perfectly good material that can be used for multiple cases. However, precautions and care must be taken to keep it alright in a good condition.

[GODHULI MONDAL]

The Indian textile industry was the best textile manufacturers then. India has flourished in textile industries and its business over so many years. There were Romans, Mughal Emperors who admired it and took it to next level. A few famous industries were found in Dhaka and Banaras.

Well, the textile industry of not something that has grown in our country out of thin air. We have its uses and references in the earliest Rig Veda too. India’s textile industry was popular and best not only for the silk and cotton use but also for the techniques used on them. They offered unique pieces of items of clothing to the world.

However, things pretty much got messed up during the British reign. This is so because they do not wear as much cotton silk as they wear wool or leather. Although, they soon realize the comfort of cotton.

With the growing interest and demand for cotton, the demand for wool lagged. Envied by the Indian’s success, the Britisher’s issue an Act in the year 1700, that restricted the importing of textile.

It was also later added that if someone is found guilty, then all of his products would be confiscated by the British Govt.

The people of our nation were tortured brutally whenever they were seen violating the law.

Hence, there was an excessive violation that messed by the entire nation. So a next act came into play. This Act resulted in keeping textile goods in Europe.

This whole scenario further created many duplicate parties to produce fewer quality products.

Multiple reforms, laws, and acts were issued to seize the power of textile production and its import-export facilities.

Slowly and steadily the Britishers were replaced. The Britishers brought better pieces of machinery, staff, and many more that totally crushed the indigenous textile industries of the country.

With the downfall of the Indian textile industries, the British got the opportunity to increase the market for their own textiles.

[GODHULI MONDAL]

The United Nations was established in the year 1945 after World War II. The prime objective of the body was to control international balances, support human rights, and eliminate any further reason that can cause war again. This shares the same visions with the League of Nations, which was formed with similar motives in 1920 after World War I. However, the League of Nations did not last long.

In the present day scenario, almost all countries of the world have representation in the UN.

The United Nations is consists of five main organs:

a) the UN General Assembly

b) the UN Secretariat

c) the International Court of Justice

d) the UN Security Council

e) the UN Economic and Social Council.

General Assembly

It is one of the five major organs of the UN. Only in this organ, each and every member has the right to cast vote. In the first session, 51 countries were represented. The team grows wider and wider and by 2006, almost 192 members joined.

The very first session of the General Assembly was held on January 10, 1946.

Some functions:

1. The function of the body is to undergo several necessary advisory and financial operations.

2. It works to create and form guidelines regarding all matters that come under the UN charter. However, it falls under the advisory category. It can go to any extent to recommend strategies that are beneficial for the world. But it has zero power to enforce its execution.

3. The body has other responsibilities too.

a. New members are recruited/admitted through the general assembly

b. The members of the Economic and Social Councils are also selected here.

c. Not only that it also selects the nonpermanent members of the Security Council.

4. It acts more like a guide and managing body to other bodies.

For any decision to pass, a two-thirds majority of the vote of the complete body is necessary.

The General Assembly assembles annually.

The General Assembly has worked brilliantly over the years to pass more than 300 resolutions so far. It is doing its job perfectly well till now.